Julien-Joseph Virey

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Julien-Joseph Virey (1775, Langres - 1846) was a French naturalist and anthropologist.

Biography

Julien-Joseph Virey grew up in Hortes village in southern high Marne, France, where he had access to a library. He educated himself and became an apprentice to his uncle, a pharmacist. Arriving in Paris, he attended the League of Ideologues and Human Observers.

He later later studied medicine and became a medical doctor. After becoming a protégé of Antoine Parmentier (1737-1813), he wrote a major work quickly in the field of anthropology, in which he promoted the theory of polygeny. Virey was interested in the origin of the human races. He wrote the Natural History of Man (1801), which was reprinted in a new edition in 1824. Virey addressed these issues for a long time. The 20th-century scientists Paul Broca and Armand de Quatrefages rank him among the precursors of a style of anthropological questioning, without agreeing with all his ideas.

He was a polygenist minimalist, proposing two human species (the "White" and "Black"). He was part of one of the central controversies in science in 1820-1830, related to the origin and age of man. Georges Cuvier, Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent, Louis Antoine Desmoulins and Virey all struggled to determine the origin and age of man.

Most of Virey's work and personal contributions relate to pharmaceutical science and technology. He participated in the reissue of the works of Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788 ) with Charles-Nicolas-Sigisbert Sonnini de Manoncourt (1751-1812).

In 1821 he published a book entitled History of Morals and the Interests of Animals, in which, far from Étienne Bonnot de Condillac and especially in opposition to Descartes, he passed from discussing the "animal soul" to proposing "intelligence in animals". He studied in libraries and wrote a quantity of books and impressive articles.

References

Claude Benichou, Claude Blanckaert. Julien Joseph Virey, naturalist and anthropologist, Paris: VRIN, 1988
Pietro Corsi, "Julien-Joseph Virey, the first critic of Lamarck," History of the Species Concept in the Life Sciences, Paris: Fondation Singer Polignac, No. Atran, S. (Ed.), 1987, p. 176-187

v t e Historical race concepts

By color	Black Brown Red White Yellow

Biological anthropology	Australoid Capoid Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid

Sub-types	Alpine Arabid Armenoid Aryan Atlantid Caspian Dinaric East Baltic Ethiopid Hamitic Dravidian Irano-Afghan Malay Mediterranean Northcaucasian Pamirid Semitic Turanid

Mixed	Afro-Asian Coloured Eurasian Mestizo Mulatto Pardo Quadroon Zambo Castizo

Writers	Louis Agassiz John Baker Erwin Baur John Beddoe Robert Bennett Bean François Bernier Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Franz Boas Paul Broca Alice Mossie Brues Halfdan Bryn Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon Charles Caldwell Petrus Camper Samuel A. Cartwright Houston Stewart Chamberlain Sonia Mary Cole Carleton S. Coon Georges Cuvier Jan Czekanowski Charles Davenport Joseph Deniker Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Eugen Fischer John Fiske Francis Galton Stanley Marion Garn Reginald Ruggles Gates George Gliddon Arthur de Gobineau Madison Grant Hans F. K. Günther Ernst Haeckel Frederick Ludwig Hoffman Earnest Hooton Julian Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley Immanuel Kant Calvin Ira Kephart Robert Knox Robert E. Kuttner Georges Vacher de Lapouge Fritz Lenz Carl Linnaeus Bertil Lundman Felix von Luschan Dominick McCausland Christoph Meiners John Mitchell Ashley Montagu Lewis H. Morgan Samuel George Morton Josiah C. Nott Karl Pearson Oscar Peschel Isaac La Peyrère Charles Pickering Ludwig Hermann Plate Alfred Ploetz James Cowles Prichard Otto Reche Gustaf Retzius William Z. Ripley Alfred Rosenberg Benjamin Rush Heinrich Schmidt Ilse Schwidetzky Charles Gabriel Seligman Giuseppe Sergi Samuel Stanhope Smith Herbert Spencer Morris Steggerda Lothrop Stoddard William Graham Sumner Thomas Griffith Taylor Paul Topinard Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer Rudolf Virchow Voltaire Alexander Winchell Ludwig Woltmann

Writings	An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates (1744) The Outline of History of Mankind (1785) Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question (1849) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855) The Races of Europe (Ripley) (1899) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) Race Life of the Aryan Peoples (1907) Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911) The Passing of the Great Race (1916) The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920) Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930) The Races of Europe (Coon) (1939) An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus (1943) The Race Question (1950)

Theories	Eugenics Great chain of being Monogenism Polygenism Pre-Adamite Haplogroup

Related	History of anthropometry Craniofacial anthropometry Historical definitions of races in India Martial Race Master race Nazism and race Négritude Race (human classification) Scientific racism Racial hygiene

Persondata
Name	Virey, Julien-Joseph
Alternative names
Short description	French anthropologist
Date of birth	1775
Place of birth
Date of death	1846
Place of death

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