Joseph Wirth
Joseph Wirth | |
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Chancellor of Germany | |
In office 10 May 1921 – 14 November 1922 | |
Preceded by | Konstantin Fehrenbach |
Succeeded by | Wilhelm Cuno |
Personal details | |
Born | 6 September 1879 |
Died | 3 January 1956 76) | (aged
Political party | Catholic Centre Party |
Karl Joseph Wirth, known as Joseph Wirth, (6 September 1879 Freiburg im Breisgau – 3 January 1956 Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German politician of the Catholic Centre Party who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1921 to 1922, for 585 days. During the post-war era, he participated in the neutralist Alliance of Germans party.
Biography
The son of a working engineer, he was educated at the University of Freiburg. In 1908, he was appointed to the chair of Economics at the Technical College of Freiburg, and after his election as a municipal councillor in 1911 he devoted himself to financial questions. In 1913, he obtained a seat as a member of the Catholic Centre Party in the diet of Baden, and in 1918 was appointed Minister of Finance. In January 1919, he was elected to the Constituent Assembly which met at Weimar.
After the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch of March 1920, when the government of Gustav Bauer resigned and was replaced by one led by Hermann Müller, Wirth became Minister of Finance. He continued to hold this portfolio in subsequent cabinets. His task was to carry out the system of increased national taxation which his predecessor Matthias Erzberger had induced the Reichstag to adopt. When in May 1921 the Allied ultimatum on reparations was presented to Germany and the sanctions enforced on the Rhine, the Fehrenbach-Simons government, which had rejected the London terms, resigned, and Wirth was called upon to form a new cabinet. He succeeded in obtaining the cooperation of a number of Democrats, Catholics and Socialists, including the prominent industrialist and economist Walther Rathenau as Minister of Reconstructions. Wirth himself retained the portfolio of finance. The new government then accepted the Allies' reparation terms — 132 billion marks (£6,600,000,000) payable in yearly instalments of £100,000,000 plus the proceeds of a 25% duty on German exports. By 31 August 1921, Germany had paid the first half-yearly installment of £50,000,000, and in the following October Rathenau succeeded in concluding a comprehensive agreement with France for paying reparations in kind for the reconstruction of the devastated regions.
After the assassination of Erzberger on 26 August 1921, the conflict between the Berlin government and the Bavarian government of von Kahr came to a head, von Kahr showing the same recalcitrancy against carrying out the special ordinances against plots as he had previously exhibited in regard to the dissolution of the illegal volunteer force, the Einwohnerwehr. Wirth stood his ground, and ultimately von Kahr was compelled by his own party in Bavaria to resign and make way for a more conciliatory Ministerpräsident.
The strife which arose out of this acute internal crisis had hardly abated when the announcement in mid-October of the decision of the League of Nations on the partition of Upper Silesia between Germany and Poland aroused wild excitement throughout Germany, and, among other consequences, sent the exchange value of the mark down (17 October) to 750 marks to the pound. For his part, Wirth is recorded as declaring that Poland must be destroyed.[1] Wirth had not concealed his conviction that the severance from Germany of the rich industrial district of Upper Silesia would fatally affect Germany's capacity to pay further reparation installments, and the political tension in Berlin again became acute. Eventually Wirth resigned, but nobody was found able to form a ministry in his place and he resumed office.
Only 41 years old when he took office, he was the youngest Chancellor of Germany at the time. He is perhaps best known for his speech in front of the Reichstag after the assassination of Walther Rathenau by rightist extremists in June 1922. Wirth warned that "we are experiencing in Germany a political brutalization" characterized, he said, by "an atmosphere of murder, of rancor, of poison," and famously proclaimed, "the enemy is on the right!" [2][3]
Nazi era
In March 1933, two months after Hitler was appointed chancellor by Hindenburg, Wirth spoke passionately in the Reichstag against the Nazi-sponsored Enabling Act, which gave Hitler dictatorial powers. After its passage, Wirth emigrated to Switzerland, settling in Lucern. He communicated with leading statesmen in Britain and France about the dangers of Nazism, and traveled to the U.S., where he met with the exiled former chancellor Heinrich BrĂĽning. Wirth resided in Paris from 1935 to 1939, when he returned to Lucern. Subsequently he made efforts to inform the Vatican about the threat of Nazi Germany's anti-Jewish policies, and during World War II he secretly kept in touch with anti-Nazi circles in Germany.[4]
Postwar
Four years after the war, in 1949, Wirth returned home. He opposed Konrad Adenauer's policy of Western integration, believing that this would make the division of Germany permanent. Together with Wilhelm Elfes he therefore founded the neutralist "Alliance of Germans" (BdD), that was also supported by the SED, and the newspaper Deutsche Volkszeitung. Although Wirth did not approve of Stalin's policies, he believed in a compromise with the USSR in line with the Rapollo treaty. In the CIA file "The background of Joseph Wirth" it is even claimed that Wirth was a Soviet agent.[5] Unlike West Germany, East Germany paid Wirth a small amount of financial aid. In 1954, Wirth was awarded the East German "Peace Medal" (Friedensmedaille). He received the Stalin Peace Prize in 1955.
Joseph Wirth died of heart failure in January 1956, aged 76, in his hometown of Freiburg and was buried in the city's main cemetery.
First Cabinet, May - October 1921
- Joseph Wirth (Z) - Chancellor and Finance Minister
- Gustav Bauer (SPD) - Vice Chancellor and Treasury Minister
- Friedrich Rosen - Foreign Minister
- Georg Gradnauer (SPD) - Interior Minister
- Robert Schmidt (SPD) - Economics Minister
- Heinrich Brauns (Z) - Labour Minister
- Eugen Schiffer (DDP) - Justice Minister
- Otto Gessler (DDP) - Defence Minister
- Wilhelm Groener - Transport Minister
- Andreas Hermes (Z) - Food Minister
Changes
- 29 May 1921 - Walther Rathenau (DDP) enters the cabinet as Reconstruction Minister.
Second Cabinet, October 1921 - November 1922
- Joseph Wirth (Z) - Chancellor and Foreign Minister
- Gustav Bauer (SPD) - Vice Chancellor
- Adolf Köster (SPD) - Interior Minister
- Andreas Hermes (Z) - Finance Minister and Food Minister
- Robert Schmidt (SPD) - Economics Minister
- Heinrich Brauns (Z) - Labour Minister
- Gustav Radbruch (SPD) - Justice Minister
- Otto Gessler (DDP) - Defence Minister
- Johannes Giesberts (Z) - Postal Minister
- Wilhelm Groener - Transport Minister
Changes
- 1 February 1922 - Walther Rathenau (DDP) succeeds Wirth as Foreign Minister. Wirth remains Chancellor
- 10 March 1922 - Anton Fehr (Bavarian Peasants' League) succeeds Hermes as Food Minister. Hermes remains Finance Minister.
- 24 June 1922 - Upon Rathenau's assassination, Wirth again becomes Foreign Minister.
Notes
- ↑ The Burden of German history, 1919-45: essays for the Goethe Institute, Michael Laffan Methuen, 1988, page 89
- ↑ Joseph Wirth, Reichstagsrede aus Anlass der Ermordung Rathenaus, June 25, 1922, in Politische Reden II: 1914-45, ed. Peter Wende (Frankfurt a.M.: Deutscher Klassiker, 1994), pp. 330-341.
- ↑ Ulrich Schlie: Altreichskanzler Joseph Wirth im Luzerner Exil (1939–1948). In: Exilforschung 15, 1997, S.180–199.
- ↑ Ulrich Schlie: Diener vieler Herren. Die verschlungenen Pfade des Reichskanzlers Joseph Wirth im Exil: In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 29. November 1997.
- ↑ Ulrich Schlie: Diener vieler Herren. Die verschlungenen Pfade des Reichskanzlers Joseph Wirth im Exil: In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 29. November 1997.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Wirth. |
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Wirth, Karl Joseph". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York.
Political offices | ||
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Preceded by Konstantin Fehrenbach |
Chancellor of Germany 1921–1922 |
Succeeded by Wilhelm Cuno |
Preceded by Friedrich Rosen |
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1921–1922 |
Succeeded by Walther Rathenau |
Preceded by Walther Rathenau |
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1922 |
Succeeded by Hans von Rosenberg |
Preceded by Carl Severing |
Minister of the Interior 1930–1931 |
Succeeded by Wilhelm Groener |
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