Joseph Jefferson

Joseph Jefferson, commonly known as Joe Jefferson (February 20, 1829 – April 23, 1905), was an American actor. He was the third actor of this name in a family of actors and managers, and one of the most famous of all American comedians.

Life and career

Jefferson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father was a scenic designer and actor and his mother an actress. He appeared onstage early in life, often being used when a play called for "a babe in arms". His first recorded appearance was at the Washington Theatre in Washington, D.C. where he appeared in a benefit performance for the minstrel Thomas D. Rice.^[1] Jefferson was twice married: at the age of 21 in 1850, to actress Margaret Clements Lockyer (1832–1861), whose early death left him with four children; and in 1867 to Sarah Warren, niece of William Warren the actor.

Jefferson bought a place called Orange Island in Louisiana where he built a home after the Civil War. The location is at a peninsular area on Lake Peigneur, and was subsequently renamed Jefferson Island.^[2]

Early career

In 1833 at the age of four years old, he was carried on stage at the Washington theatre in a bag by an actor named Thomas D. Rice. As his benefit performance, he put Jefferson alongside him in black face and dress; as Rice performing his well known character “Jim Crow” and little Joseph as Little Joe.^[3] In 1837 now age eight, Joseph performs on the Franklin theatre in New York City with his parents as a pirate. After the end of the season of 1837-1838 Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson take Joseph, his brother Charles Burke and his sister Cornelia to Chicago ^[4] His father died when he was 13, and young Jefferson continued acting and helping to support the family. From there both Jefferson and Burke performed continuously and the entire family would travel the then American West and South. Traveling theatre to theatre Mr. Jefferson performed and worked everywhere in between Boston to Charleston as far as Chicago.The family led the lives of “Strolling Players”. This term is a term given to a troupe of itinerant actors.^[5] At one point along with his acting family they followed the American army from 1846-1848 during the Mexican-American War.^[6] As a strolling player, Joseph performed in many places some not even a theater space. Some performances were given in the dining rooms of country hotels, without any illusion of a stage or world he was to perform in. This also meant no scenery. All the materials he had to work with was a strip board nailed to the floor with a row of tallow candles ^[7] It wasn’t until 1849, when Jefferson returned to New York that he began to earn both critical and financial success though not nearly to the extent he would earn later in life^[8] In 1861 due to his failing health and the death of his wife, he left to go to San Francisco and then on to Australia ^[9][10] After spending four years in Australia, he left for London and met Dion Boucicault who would revise Rip Van Winkle, turning it from just a play in Jefferson’s repertoire to being “a pronounced success and ran for one hundred and seventy nights.” ^[11] Opening night on September 5, 1865 at the Adelphi Theatre in London sparked what would become one of the most celebrated characters of the stage in the 19th century.^[12]

After this experience, partly as actor, partly as manager, he won his first pronounced success in 1858 as Asa Trenchard in Tom Taylor's Our American Cousin at Laura Keene's theatre in New York. This play was the turning-point of his career, as it would be for the actor E. A. Sothern. The naturalness and spontaneity of humour with which he acted the love scenes revealed a spirit in comedy new to his contemporaries, long used to a more artificial convention; and the touch of pathos which the part required revealed no less to the actor an unexpected power in himself. When Sothern complained about the small size of his role, Jefferson supposedly replied with the famous line, "There are no small parts, only small actors."^{[citation needed]}

Other early parts included Newman Noggs in Nicholas Nickleby, Caleb Plummer in Dot (an adaption of The Cricket on the Hearth), Dr. Pangloss in George Colman the Younger's The Heir at Law, Salem Scudder in The Octoroon, and Bob Acres in The Rivals, the last being not so much an interpretation of the character as Sheridan sketched it as a creation of the actors.

In 1859, Jefferson made a dramatic version of Washington Irving's story of "Rip Van Winkle" on the basis of older plays, and acted it with success in Washington, D.C., with Sophie Gimber Kuhn playing the role of Lowenna.^[13] He arrived at Sydney in the beginning of November 1861, and played a successful season introducing to Australia Rip Van Winkle, Our American Cousin, The Octoroon and other plays. He opened in Melbourne on March 31, 1862, and had a most successful season extending over about six months. Seasons followed in the country and in Tasmania. In 1865 Jefferson with health recovered went to London and arranged with Dion Boucicault for a revised version of Rip Van Winkle. It ran 170 nights, with Jefferson in the leading part.

Later years

Jefferson would continue acting in this show for 40 years, playing little more than the single character of Rip Van Winkle. He then returned to America in August 1866.^[14] Jefferson was able to take an American play and characters to places like Australia and England and create success out of them. As John Maguire would later write, “It was then that America greeted the return of the wanderer, proud of the victory of an American actor in an American play in foreign lands. This fame added to the glory of his country, both at home and abroad…”^[15] Returning to America, Jefferson made it his stock play, making annual tours of the states with it, and occasionally reviving The Heir-at-Law in which he played Dr. Pangloss, The Cricket on the Hearth (Caleb Plummer) and The Rivals (Bob Acres). He was one of the first to establish the traveling combinations which superseded the old system of local stock companies. Jefferson also starred in a number of films as the character starting in the 1896, Awakening of Rip, which is in the U.S. National Film Registry. Jefferson’s son Thomas followed in his father’s footsteps and also played the character in a number of early 20th century films. Joseph Jefferson made several recordings, all of material from "Rip Van Winkle".

With the exception of minor parts, such as the First Gravedigger in Hamlet, which he played in an all-star combination headed by Edwin Booth, Jefferson created no new character after 1865; and the success of Rip Van Winkle was so pronounced that he has often been called a one-part actor. If this was a fault, it was the public's, who never wearied of his one masterpiece. Francis Wilson would later write, “He was Rip and Rip was he.” ^[16]

No man in his profession was more honored for his achievements or his character. He was the friend of many of the leading men in American politics, art and literature, including President Grover Cleveland. He was an ardent fisherman and lover of nature, and devoted to painting. It is erroneously believed that he was distantly related to British comedian Stan Laurel (born Arthur Stanley Jefferson), but UK civil registration, census and church records suggest that Jefferson was not the real name of his father. Jefferson was a founding member and the second president of the Players' Club in Manhattan.

Jefferson died from pneumonia on April 23, 1905 in Palm Beach, Florida.

Legacy

Jefferson's name continues to live on through the Joseph Jefferson Awards Committee in Chicago which offers awards in recognition of excellence of Chicago's Equity and non-Equity theaters and their productions.

Publications

• William Winter, The Jeffersons (Boston, 1881)
• Carroll, Twelve Americans: Their Lives and Times (New York, 1883)
• Matthews and Hutton, Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States (New York, 1886)
• N. H. Dole, Joseph Jefferson at Home (Boston, 1898)
• Francis Wilson, Joseph Jefferson (New York, 1906)
• M. J. Moses, Famous Actor-Families in America (New York, 1906)
• Francis Wilson, Reminiscences of a Fellow Player (New York, 1906)
• William Winter, Other Days (New York, 1908)
• E. P. Jefferson, Intimate Recollections of Joseph Jefferson, (New York, 1909)
• Arthur Bloom, Joseph Jefferson: Dean of the American Theatre (Savannah, 2000)

Notes

References

• Serle, Percival (1949). "Jefferson, Joseph". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jefferson, Joseph". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press 
•  "Jefferson, Joseph". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 
• Winter, William. "Sketch of Joseph Jefferson." Harper's New Monthly Magazine 73 (1886): 391-97. Periodicals Archive, Online Web. Visited 24 Jan. 2011
• Wilson, Francis. Joseph Jefferson; Reminiscences of a Fellow Player, New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1906.
• Jefferson, Eugenie Paul. Intimate Recollections of Joseph Jefferson, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1909.

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Joseph Jefferson

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Jefferson.

• Joseph Jefferson at the Internet Movie Database
• Joseph Jefferson Writing on Acting
• Birthplace
• Joseph Jefferson at Find a Grave
• Rip Van Winkle, complete downloadable 1896 film
• Joseph Jefferson Photograph part of the Nineteenth Century Notables Digital Collection at Gettysburg College
•  "Jefferson, Joseph". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1892 
•  "Jefferson, Joseph". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. 

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 18419935 LCCN: n82023992 ISNI: 0000 0001 0957 7971 GND: 133667707

Persondata
Name	Jefferson, Joseph
Alternative names
Short description	United States actor
Date of birth	February 20, 1829
Place of birth
Date of death	April 23, 1905
Place of death