José Vasconcelos
| José Vasconcelos | |
|---|---|
 | |
| José Vasconcelos in 1914 | |
| Secretary of Public Education | |
| In office 28 September 1921[1] – 1924 | |
| President | Álvaro Obregón |
| Succeeded by | Bernardo J. Gastélum |
| Rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico | |
| In office 1920–1921 | |
| Preceded by | Balbino Dávalos |
| Succeeded by | Mariano Silva |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 28 February 1882[2] Oaxaca, Mexico |
| Died | 30 June 1959 (aged 77) Mexico City |
| Nationality | Mexican |
| Political party | National Anti-Reelectionist Party |
| Spouse(s) | Serafina Miranda (married in 1906)[3] |
| Children | José and Carmen[2] |
| Alma mater | National School of Jurisprudence (ENJ) |
| Profession | Writer, philosopher and politician |
| Religion | Christian[nb 1] |
José Vasconcelos Calderón (28 February 1882 – 30 June 1959) was a Mexican writer, philosopher and politician. He is one of the most influential and controversial personalities in the development of modern Mexico. His philosophy of the "cosmic race" affected all aspects of Mexican sociocultural, political, and economic policies.
Life
Vasconcelos was born in Oaxaca, Oaxaca. He lived in Piedras Negras, Coahuila, while attending school in Eagle Pass, Texas. He married Serafina Miranda of Tlaxiaco in the state of Oaxaca in 1906. After graduating as a lawyer from the Escuela de Jurisprudencia in Mexico City (1905), he represented the Anti-Reelection Club in Washington, D.C., USA, and supported the 1910 Mexican Revolution headed by Francisco I. Madero. When Madero was democratically elected president of Mexico, Vasconcelos led a structural change at the National Preparatory School, where he changed the academic programs, breaking with the positivistic influence of the past.
After Madero's assassination, Vasconcelos organized a democratic movement in order to defeat the military regime of Victoriano Huerta prompted by the US ambassador Henry Lane Wilson. Soon after, he was forced to go into exile in Paris, where he met Julio Torri, Doctor Atl, Gabriele D'Annunzio and other intellectuals and artists of the time.
After the Convention of Aguascalientes in 1914, Vasconcelos was elected as Minister of Education during the brief presidential period of Eulalio Gutiérrez. Later, after a brief period of exile in the United States following a disagreement with Venustiano Carranza (1915–20), he returned and directed the National Autonomous University of Mexico (1920) and created the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP), in 1921.
He served as the first Secretary of Public Education under Álvaro Obregón. He resigned in 1924 because of his opposition to President Plutarco Elías Calles. He worked in favour of the education of the masses and sought to make the nation's education secular, civic, and Pan-American (americanista) lines. He ran for president in 1929 but lost to Pascual Ortiz Rubio in a controversial election and again left the country. He later directed the National Library of Mexico (1940) and presided over the Mexican Institute of Hispanic Culture (1948).
Philosophical thought
Vasconcelos' first writings on philosophy are passionate reactions against the formal, positivistic education at the National Preparatory School, formerly under the influence of porfirian thinkers like Justo Sierra and Gabino Barreda.
A second period of productivity was fed by a first disappointment in the political field, after Madero's murder. Then he wrote, in 1919, a long essay on Pythagorism, as a dissertation on the links between harmony and rhythm, and its eventual explanation into a frame of aesthetic monism. As he argued that only by the means of rhythm is the human being able to know the world without any intermediation, he proposed that the minimal aspects of cognition are conditioned by a degree of sympathy with the natural "vibration" of things. In this manner, he thought that the auditive categories of knowledge were much higher than the visual ones.
During a later period, Vasconcelos developed an argument for the mixing of races, as a natural and desirable direction for humankind. This work, known as La raza cósmica (The Cosmic Race), would eventually contribute to further studies on ethnic values as an ethic, and for the consideration of ethnic variety as an aesthetic source. (Contrary to popular belief, 'The cosmic race' is not a science fiction work). Finally, between 1931 and 1940 he tried to consolidate his proposals by publishing his main topics organized in three capital works: Metaphysics, Ethics and Aesthetics.
Influence
Vasconcelos is often referred to as the father of the "indigenismo" philosophy. In recent times, this philosophy has come under criticism from Native Americans because of its negative implications concerning indigenous peoples. To an extent, his philosophy argued for a new, "modern" mestizo people, but at the cost of cultural assimilation of all ethnic groups. His research on the nature of Mexican modern identity had a direct influence on the young writers, poets, anthropologists and philosophers who wrote on this subject. He also influenced the point of view of Carlos Pellicer with respect to several aesthetic assumptions reflected in his books. Together, Pellicer and Vasconcelos made a trip through the Middle East (1928–29), looking for the "spiritual basis" of Byzantine architecture.
Other works, particularly La raza cósmica and Metafísica, had a decisive influence in Octavio Paz's El laberinto de la soledad, with anthropological and aesthetic implications. Paz wrote that Vasconcelos was "the teacher" who had educated hundreds of young Latin American intellectuals during his many trips to Central and South America. Vasconcelos was guest lecturer at Columbia University and Princeton University, but his influence on new generations in the U.S. became gradually less significant. Nevertheless, his work La raza cósmica has been used by Chicano and Mexican-American movements since the 1970s, asserting the reconquista of the American Southwest based on their Mexican ancestry.
Contributions to the arts and education
Thanks to José Vasconcelos, the National Symphonic Orchestra (1920) and the Symphonic Orchestra of Mexico (1928) were officially endorsed. Muralists Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros were given the right to paint the inner walls of the most important public buildings in Mexico (e.g., the National Palace in the capital), creating the Mexican mural movement.
Quotations
"... the leaders of Latin American independence ... strove to free the slaves, declared the equality of all men by natural law; the social and civic equality of whites, blacks and indians. In an instant of historical crisis, they formulated the transcendental mission assigned to that region of the Globe: the mission of fusing the peoples ethnically and spiritually." (La raza cósmica, 1948)ƒ
"Each of the great nations of History has believed itself to be the final and chosen one. [...] The Hebrews founded the belief in their superiority on oracles and divine promises. The English found theirs on observations relative to domestic animals. From the observation of cross-breeding and hereditary varieties in such animals, Darwinism emerged. First, as a modest zoological theory, then as social biology that confers definitive preponderance to the English above all races. Every imperialism needs a justifying philosophy". (La raza cósmica, 1948)
"Hitler, although he disposes of absolute power, finds himself a thousand leagues from Caesarism. Power does not come to Hitler from the military base, but from the book that inspires the troops from the top. Hitler's power is not owed to the troops, nor the battalions, but to his own discussions... Hitler represents, ultimately, an idea, the German idea, so often humiliated previously by French militarism and English perfidy. Truthfully, we find civilian governed 'democracies' fighting against Hitler. But they are democracies in name only". ("La Inteligencia se impone", Timon 16, June 8, 1940)
Publications
Philosophy
- Pitágoras (1919)
- El monismo estético (1919)
- La Raza Cósmica (1925)
- Indología (1926)
- Metafísica (1929)
- Pesimismo alegre (1931)
- Estética (1936)
- Ética (1939)
- Historia del pensamiento filosófico (1937)
- Lógica orgánica (1945)
Other works
- Teoría dinámica del derecho (1907)
- La intelectualidad mexicana (1916)
- Ulises criollo (1935)
- La tormenta (1936)
- Breve Historia de México (1937)
- El desastre (1938)
- El proconsulado (1939)
- El ocaso de mi vida (1957)
Notes
- ↑ "Yo perdí la fe cuando murió mi madre. Recuerdo que entré a la Preparatoria (ella aún no moría) como hijo de Santa Mónica. Después me convencí de que lo mejor era ser cristiano. En mi actuación política y nadie me entendió, actué como un cristiano tolstoiano." — José Vasconcelos (see Fell, page 546)
See also
References
- ↑ Morales Gómez, Daniel A.; Torres, Carlos A. (1990). "The State and Education in Mexico". The state, corporatist politics, and educational policy making in Mexico. Praeger. p. 82. ISBN 0-275-93484-5, 9780275934842 Check
|isbn=value (help). - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Martin, Percy Alvin, ed. (1935). Who's Who in Latin America: A biographical dictionary of the outstanding living men and women of Spanish America and Brazil. California, USA: Stanford University Press. p. 417. ISBN 9780804723152. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
- ↑ Fell, Claude (2000). "Notas explicativas". Ulises Criollo. Colección Archivos (in Spanish) 3. Vasconcelos, José. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica. pp. 526–573. ISBN 9782914273008. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
Further reading
- Bar Lewaw, Itzhak. Introducción Crítico-Biografía a José Vasconcelos. Madrid: Ediciones Latinoamericanas, 1965.
- ---. José Vasconcelos. México: Clásica Selecta Editora Libreria, 1965.
- Carballo, Emmanuel. Diecinueve protagonistas de la literatura mexicana del siglo XX. México: Empresas Editoriales, SA, 1965; see especially. 17–47.
- De Beer, Gabriela. "El ateneo y los atenistas: un examen retrospectivo". Revista Iberoamericana 148–149, Vol 55 (1989): 737–749.
- Lucas, Jeffrey Kent. The Rightward Drift of Mexico's Former Revolutionaries: The Case of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama. Lewiston, NY, USA: Edwin Mellen Press, 2010.
- Molloy, Sylvia. "First Memories, First Myths: Vasconcelos' Ulises criollo". En At Face Value: Autobiographical Writing in Spanish America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 186–208.
- Ward, Thomas. "José Vasconcelos y su cosmomología de la raza". En La resistencia cultural: la nación en el ensayo de las Américas. Lima: Editorial Universitaria URP, 2004, pp. 246–254.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to José Vasconcelos. |
- Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia at www.britannica.com
- José Vasconcelos An Inventory to His Manuscripts at the Benson Latin American Collection at www.lib.utexas.edu
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