Royal Jordanian Army

Jordanian Army القوّات البرية الاردنيّة
Flag of the Royal Jordanian Army
Active	1920–present
Country	Jordan
Role	Army
Size	90,000 Active (2012 est.) 60,000 Reserve (2012 est.)
Garrison/HQ	Amman
Colors	KA2 Desert Digital KA2 Arid/Woodland Digital KA2 SF Woodland Digital MultiCam
Anniversaries	June 10
Engagements	1948 Arab–Israeli War Retribution operations Six-Day War War of Attrition Yom Kippur War
Commanders
Current commander	Lieutenant General Mashal Mohammad Al-Zaben

The Royal Jordanian Army is part of the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF). It draws its origins from units, such as the Arab Legion, formed in the British Mandate of Transjordan in the 1920s. It has seen combat against Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973. The Army also fought the Syrians and the PLO during Black September in 1970.

Origins - 1920–1947

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On 10 June 1916, Sherif Hussien Bin Ali prince of Mecca, officially declared the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire to rid Arab nations from the Turkish rule that had lasted about four centuries.

On 21 November 1920, Prince Abdullah Bin Al-Hussien (later King) arrived at Ma'an, where he expressed his resolution to drive out the Turkish forces from Syria. Later, on 5 December 1920, he proclaimed himself as deputy king in Syria and appealed to members of the Al-Faissali army to join his forces in Ma'an. His calls received much attention in the Arab world as several prominent Arab nationalists and other Arab princes joined his campaign; these later formed the embryonic force of the Arab legion.

When Prince Abdullah came to power in the Emirate of Trans-Jordan at that time the Jordanian Armed Forces included:^{[citation needed]}

• Cavalry (Darak) force of 400 men.
• A mobile (mainly cavalry) force of 150 men.
• A regular Army battalion of some 200 infantrymen.
• A camelry of 100 men.
• An Arab force, which was probably the battalion that had accompanied prince Abdullah to Amman from Ma'an.

Roles of Military Formations in Jordan from the Foundation of the Emirate until the 1948 Arab-Israeli War:

• Transjordan Frontier Force: It had played an important role for the United Kingdom during World War II, as it provided protection for British lines of communication extending from Iraq to Russia. It also took part in the fighting against the French forces in Syria.

• The Arab Legion: – During World War II, it was mainly tasked with maintaining law and order in the country. Moreover, it extended support to British Forces engaged in military actions in Syria, Iraq and Palestine. A military detachment of this force participated in the Victory Day ceremonies in London on 8 June 1946, and the victory festival of Allied Forces in Jerusalem.
• The Desert Force (Al-Badia Force): AKA Desert Patrol, Its main task was to guard Jordan's borders with neighboring Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Syria as well as to provide protection for the petroleum pipelines of the Iraqi Petroleum Company (IPC). Besides that, it participated in the campaigns of Syria and Iraq during World War II.

Formation

Pre-1948 War

This army started with an infantry company, cavalry company, machine guns unit, signal section and military band. In 1923, the total strength of the army, which was under the command of British Captain Frederick Gerard Peake, did not exceed 750 men.

During 1930, the Arab Legion's strength was expanded to approximately 11,000. In 1931, a camel-mounted desert mobile force was organized under the command of John Bagot Glubb to maintain security and order.

This organization attracted numerous Bedouin volunteers. In 1933, the first mechanized force was formed. This element consisted of three vehicles and 120 men including the camel-mounted desert mobile force. It undertook the responsibility of maintaining security, preventing the raids among the tribal groups and deterring the raids from the outside.

By the eve of World War II, the legion had been expanded to a force of about 1,600 men. This legion took part in operations in Syria during the war. Independent companies were established in addition to a regular battalion, which was later expanded to become the 1st Brigade.

In 1942, the 2nd battalion was formed, which later became the 2nd Brigade. The army continued its expansion in numbers and equipment.

1948 War

In 1948, it consisted of two brigades; two garrisons and four battalions were merged to become six battalions. At this time, the army consisted of an infantry division, an artillery brigade, a mortar battery, an artillery battery, an engineer and signal battalion and a field aid unit.

After the announcement of the 1947 UN Partition Plan, and the disclosure of the British decision to leave Palestine on 15 May 1948, both warring sides (the Arabs and the Jews) began to make their military preparations for a forthcoming confrontation they believed would be inevitable.

In May 1948, the Arab countries decided to send their forces to assist the Palestinians. The Arab Legion entered Palestine with other Arab Forces on 15 May 1948 using the Allenby (King Hussein) bridge as they were advancing to cover the approaches from Jenin, in the north to Afula and from Al-Majame'a bridge on the Jordan River to Bissan and from there to Afula.

Units of the Arab Legion were engaged in several battles with the Jewish forces including the following:

• Attacking Ben Shemen convoy at Beit Nabala – 14 December 1947 ^[1]
• Battle of Neve Yaakov settlement- 18 April 1948^[2]
• Attacking kibutz Gesher on 27–28 April 1948 ^[3][4]
• Massacre of Kfar Etzion 13–15 May 1948.
• Occupation of Latrun Tegart fort on 17 May 1948,^[5] and later the Battles of Latrun
• Battle for Jerusalem (1948)
• Attacking and conquering Gezer (kibbutz) on 10 June 1948.^[6]
• Tarqumiya on 24 October 1948 ^[7]

1949–1967

King Hussein spared no pains at all to improve the army in terms of cadre and equipment, and in the early 1956 dismissed Glubb and Arab commanders assumed leadership posts in the army, most notably Habis Al-Majali.

In 1957, King Hussein ordered the establishment of the 4th infantry brigade and another of field artillery. In 1958, the heavy artillery was entered, In the same year, the armor brigade was recognized to become an armor division and, in 1961, it become the armour corps. During this period, the 40th Armoured Brigade, 60th Armoured Brigade and the Royal Guard Brigade were established.

Battles - 1956

On 11 September, an Israeli force infiltrated the Jordanian territories in, Al-Rahwa, Hebron sector, and attacked the police station there. After long clashes with a Jordanian unit from the Desert Guards, the Israeli force was forced to withdraw repulsed.

On 10 October 1956, an enemy force, estimated at a motorized infantry brigade, supported by medium-range artillery and 10 combat aircraft, attacked the Arab towns of Hubla, Al-Nabi Illias and Azroun. The assaulting troops fought the Arab legion west of Al-Nabi Illias and were forced to withdraw to Qalqilia hills.

Equipment 1956

Armour

• 24 × Charioteer FV4101 Mk.VII tank destroyers with 20-pounder gun
• 36 × Archer tank destroyers with 17-pdr gun
• 72 × Marmon-Harrington FV Mk.IV armoured cars with 2-pdr gun
• 53 × Marmon-Harrington FV Mk.III armoured cars

Artillery

• 2-pdr Anti-Tank Guns
• 6-pdr Anti-Tank Guns
• 17-pdr Anti-Tank Guns
• Marmon-Harrington 3.7 inch 4×4 self-propelled howitzers
• RO 25-pdr towed field guns/howitzers
• 3-inch mortars
• 2-inch mortars
• PIAT light anti-tank rocket launchers

Aircraft

• 16 × de Havilland Vampire (9 × FB-9\2 × T55\7 × FB52)
• 10 × NAA AT-6 Harvard
• 5 × AOP-3\5
• 6 × DH-104 Dove
• 10 × de Havilland DHC-1 Chipmunk

Kuwait - 1963

When Kuwait declared its independence on 19 June 1961, the Iraqi government announced that Kuwait was an integral part of its national territories. Accordingly, the Arab league formed the Arab emergency force to protect Kuwait with the participation of Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Sudan, Jordan and Tunisia.^{[citation needed]} The Jordanian participation included an infantry battalion reinforced by an anti-aircraft platoon and returned home on 13 December 1963.^{[citation needed]}

Sammu Battle - 1966

On 13 November 1966, the Israeli Forces raided the Palestinian village of Sammu (in the Muhafazat of Hebron) with an infantry brigade reinforced by two tank battalions and supported by artillery and combat aircraft. After a round of a severe fighting with Jordanian Army units, the Israeli forces withdrew. Although the Israeli forces were pushed back, the Jordanian army suffered heavy losses.

In 1965, the army achieved another advancement when His Majesty King Hussein ordered the formation of five infantry brigades. The army was divided into two fronts: Western front and Eastern front, ten infantry battalions were concentrated on both fronts.

In 1967, a new armoured brigade was established. The artillery brigade was recognized to be consisted of three field artillery battalions and an anti-aircraft battalion.

Six Day War - 1967

Believing that Israel was a becoming more of a threat, Egypt declared a state of emergency and started to concentrate its forces in the Sinai desert. In addition to that Jordan signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt. Consequently, Israel ordered the full mobilisation of its forces on 25 May 1967. As a result, the Arab Jordan Army was placed on maximum alert.

The operational Strengths Of Opposing Forces on the Jordanian Front included:

Arab Forces ^{[citation needed]}

• Jordan Armed Forces (JAF): several infantry brigades, 2 Armoured brigades and 20 operational combat aircraft, distributed in defensive positions in both western and eastern fronts.
• Iraq: 2 infantry brigades, 1 mechanised brigade, 1 armored brigade, and 34 aircraft.
• Syria: one infantry brigade entered the Jordanian borders on 7 June, and left on 9 June 1967 without being involved in any military actions.
• Saudi Arabia: one infantry brigade and an armoured company which arrived to Al-Modawara border crossing point on 21 March 1968.
• Egypt: 2 Ranger battalions arrived in Jordan on 3 June 1967. Their primary mission was to destroy six Israeli airfields. Due to their late arrival at the occupied territories, they could not accomplish their mission.

Israeli forces opposing the Jordanian front included

• 4 infantry brigades
• 3 mechanised brigades
• 2 paratroop brigades
• 2 armoured brigades with their full standard support elements
• 286 combat aircraft of different types. ^{[citation needed]}

When the military operations were over on both Egyptian and Syrian fronts, Israel redeployed a part of its forces from these fronts to the Jordanian front.

At 0730 hrs. on 5 June 1967 the Israelis surprised the Arab states with a series of continuous air strikes directed at Arab airfields. As a result, most of the Arab air force was neutralized.

Amid the battles in Jerusalem was the Battle of Ammunition Hill; 71 Jordanian soldiers died. Eventually the Jordanian Army was driven from East Jerusalem.

Jordanian Army Order of Battle, June 1967

• 2 × Armored Brigades (40\60, Each 96 with Patton M-48\M-48A-1 MBTs, 40 × FV-701 Ferret ARVs, 45 × M-113 APCs, 18 × M-52 105mm self-propelled howitzers, 18 × M-42 2×40mm self-propelled anti-aircraft guns)
• 3 × Indp. Armored Battalions (with Centurion MK-V\VII or Patton M-47 MBTs)
• 1 × Paratroop Battalion
• 1 × "Royal Brigade" (Mechanized Infantry)
• 9 × Infantry Brigades (1\2\3\4\12\25\27\29\36)
• 12 × Artillery Battalions
• 6 × Mortar Batteries

Jordanian Air Force Order of Battle

• Sqn No.1 Hawker Hunter FGA-6\FR-10\T-66 at Mafraq AB
• Sqn No.2 Vampire FB-9\52 T55 at Mafraq & Amman
• Sqn No.3 Dove DH-104\C-47 Dakota\WS-55 Whirlwind at Amman AB
• Sqn No.6 Hawker Hunter FGA9\73 at Amman AB
• Sqn No.9 F-104A\B Starfighter at Mafraq AB
• Sqn No.4 Alouette III\Westland Scout at Amman AB

Equipment of Jordanian Armed Forces, June 1967

1967–1973 War

After the 1967 war, the army was rearmed. In 1968, the army attacked Israeli troops that had entered Jordanian territory in pursuit of Palestinian guerrillas – the Al-Karameh battle. Palestinians claim a victory just for resisting Israeli troops; the Jordanians say they forced the Israelis back; the Israelis say they pulled back after hitting the Palestinians at which time they were bombed by the Jordanians.

Daily clashes continued on the Jordanian Front after 1967 war until mid 1970s – the War of attrition. The most famous one was the Battle of Karameh In 1968 Israeli forces crossed the border and advanced on the town of Karameh. The Jordanian army mobilized and a battle broke out between the Jordanian army and the IDF. The Israeli forces retreated after a heavy bombardment.'^[8]

September 1970 is known as Black September in Arab history. In September 1970, King Hussein moved to quash an attempt by armed Palestinian insurgents to overthrow his monarchy. The violence resulted in civilian casualties on both sides. Armed conflict lasted until July 1971 ending only when remaining Palestinian insurgents were surrounded in the Ajloun-Jarash mountains, finally surrendered to the Jordan army and were expelled from the country.'^[8] In October 1970 the Ba'athist regime in neighboring Syria had attempted to intervene in support of the Palestinians by sending an armored column into the north of Jordan. Jordanian ground and air forces were able to halt this advance and a combination of international political pressure and discord within the Syrian military led to a Syrian retreat.^[9]

In the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the 40th Armoured Brigade was sent to the Syrian front and played a significant role in the fighting.

After 1977

Since the major reorganisation of 1977 the Royal Jordanian Army has kept the 5th Armoured Division deployed between the Iraqi border and Ramtha on the Syrian border, the 12th Mechanized Division deployed from Ramtha through Umm Qays to the Zarqa River in a defensive posture that cover both Israel and Syria and the 4th Mechanized Division deployed from Zarqa River, north of As-Salt to the Dead Sea facing Israel. The 3rd Armoured Division acts as both the strategic reserve and the main protection against an internal coup. It has units deployed at Zarqa in the north; near the capital Amman along with a brigade of Royal Guards made up of hand-picked troops from Bedouin tribes known for their long-standing loyalty to the Hashemite family, and Qatraneh in the south covering the route into Saudi Arabia.

In 1996 the Jordanian Army finally established a Special Operations Command, the brain-child of Abdullah then a serving Army officer. It is tasked to deal with a possible Palestinian uprising and the growth of Islamic terrorism. This powerful force now includes the 71st and 101st Special Force Battalions, the 81st and 91st Paracommando Battalions and both electronic warfare and helicopter support units."^[10]

Current Army

The army's organizational structure was traditionally based on two armored divisions and two mechanized divisions. These have been transformed into a lighter, more mobile forces, based largely on a brigade structure and considered better capable of rapid reaction in emergencies.^[11][12][13]

Due to the critical position of Jordan (sandwiched between Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Israel), Jordan maintains a strong defensive army, with four regional commands, the Northern command, the Central Command, the Eastern Command and the Southern Command. As of August 2004, the army was reported to be 88,000 strong, and the Northern Command is reported to consist of (2 mech, 1 infantry, 1 artillery, 1 AD brigade), the Southern Command (1 armd, 1 infantry brigade), the Central Command (1 mech, 1 lt. inf, 1 arty, 1 AD brigade), the Eastern Command (2 mech, 1 arty, 1 AD brigade), and a strategic reserve (1 Royal armoured division with 3 armd, 1 arty, 1 AD brigades).^[12][14] An armored division has become the core element of a strategic reserve.^[13][15] Each command is controlled by its Field General, but all of the commands are under the King of Jordan's control.

The Army have a full range of combat and combat supporting corps, including the Royal Maintenance Corps. Today's Jordanian military ranks are based on those of the British Army, given Jordan's military heritage.

The Jordanian military also contributes to UN peacekeeping missions worldwide, having sent contingents to Africa, Afghanistan, Croatia, Bosnia, parts of the former Soviet Union, and even as far as Haiti and East Timor. The Jordanian military has established a regional center of excellence with regards to special forces training, having received training from both the United Kingdom and the United States. Jordanian Special Forces have trained counterparts from Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Yemen.^[12][13][15]

Current structure of the Jordanian Army

Commander-in-Chief

His Majesty King Abdullah II is the Supreme Commander of the Jordanian Armed Forces. This authority is vested in the king by the Jordanian Constitution of 1952. He exercises the right to appoint and dismiss all members of the High Command of Jordan's Armed forces, and has the authority to exercise command and control over all units of the armed forces.

General Chiefs of Staff

The Headquarters of Jordan's military is called the Armed Forces General Command and is located in Amman. This headquarters is under the supervision of the Chief of the General Staff, who is appointed by the king. He exercises general responsibility for the day to day command, control and administration of the military and reports directly to the king as Supreme Commander.

Chiefs of Staff is a group of officers qualified militarily and technically working to advise the commander and assist in decision-making, they translate decision of the commander to orders and instructions and they are responsible for monitoring the implementation and size varies Chiefs of Staff of the unit level and the level of formations and at the level of the General Command represents assistant chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff group Chiefs of Staff, as follows:

• Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
• Chief of Joint Operations
• Chief of the Strategic Planning
• Chief of Intelligence
• Chief of logistics
• Chief of manpower
• Chief of defense resources and investment management

Army Organization

Jordanian Army has Four Regional Commands (Northern, Southern, Central and Eastern), Special Operations Command, Border Guards Command, 3rd Royal Armored Division (Strategic Reserve) and 30th Special Mission Brigade.^[15]

Jordanian Army Headquarters

• C₄I Group - Main Army HQ
• Headquarters Defense & Security Unit
• 29^th HIMARS MLRS Battalion
• 28^th WM-120 MLRS Battalion
• Acquisition and Survey Regiment (STA Regiment)
• 7^th Armored Engineer Battalion
• Main Support Engineer Group
• Electronic Warfare Battalion
• Chemical Support Group
• Explosive Ordnance Disposal Unit (EOD)
• Royal Maintenance Corps
• Main Supply Depots
• Military Ordnance Command (Ammunition)
• Electricity & Water Group
• Main Transportation Groups
• AFV Transporter Group
• General Construction Group

• Royal Guard Brigade (Sayed Al-Shuhada)
  • Special Royal Guard Brigade is considered the largest, most professional and highly capable brigade in JAF.

• Jordanian Northern Command
  • Command Troops
  • Princess Aliyah Infantry Brigade
  • 3^rd King Talal Mechanized Infantry Brigade
  • 12^th Al-Yarmouk Mechanized Infantry Brigade

• Jordanian Central Command
  • Command Troops
  • Hashemite Infantry Brigade
  • 1^st Mechanized Royal Guard Brigade

• Jordanian Eastern Command
  • Command Troops
  • 2^nd Mechanized Royal Guard Brigade
  • 90^th King Abdullah I Mechanized Infantry Brigade

• Jordanian Southern Command
  • Command Troops
  • Prince Zeid Bin Hussein Infantry Brigade
  • 99^th Martyr Wasfi Al Tal Armored Brigade

• Joint Special Operations Command
  • Command Troops
  • 5^th Prince Hashim Special Operations Aviation Brigade
  • 28^th Prince Hussein Royal Rangers Brigade
  • 37^th King Abdullah II Special Forces Brigade

• King Abdullah II 3rd Armored Division
  • Divisional Troops
  • 40^th King Hussein Royal Armored Brigade
  • 60^th Prince Hassan Royal Armored Brigade
  • 91^st Royal Armored Brigade

• Border Guard Command (Equal to a Division)
  • Command HQ
  • 1^st Border Guard Brigade (Eastern Command)
  • 2^nd Border Guard Brigade (Northern Command)
  • 4^th Border Guard Brigade (Southern Command)
  • 3^rd Border Guard Battalion (Central Command)

• Hussein Bin Ali 30^th Special Mission Brigade
  • Specialized in Internal Security and Urban Warfare, the brigade is under the control of Joint Military Operations Directorate.
  • Brigade HQ
  • Command & Control & Communication Company
  • 15^th Special Mission Battalion
  • 16^th Special Mission Battalion
  • 20^th Special Mission Battalion
  • Support Companies
  • Military Police Platoon
  • Medical Center
  • Brigade Training Center

• Royal Military Police
  • Military Police HQ
  • Military Police Group / Capital
  • Military Police Group / North
  • Military Police Group / Central
  • Military Police Group / South
  • Female Military Police Company
  • Military Police Prisons
  • Military Reform and Rehabilitation Center

• Army Education and Training
  • Colleges and Universities
    • Mutah University
    • Sharif Nasser College for Military Communications
    • Prince Hussein Bin Abdullah College for Maintenance
    • Faculty of Medical Assistance Professions
    • Royal Jordanian National Defence College
    • Royal Jordanian Command and Staff college
    • Royal Military College
  • Military Schools and Centers
    • Information Technology training Center
    • Language Center
    • Peacekeeping Operations Training Center
    • Royal Supply and Transport School
    • Royal Air Defense School
    • Maintenance and Driving School
    • King Talal Military School
    • Martyr King Abdullah bin Al Hussein's Infantry School
    • Royal Armor School
    • Royal Artillery School
    • Royal Corps of Engineers School
    • NCO Training School
    • Intelligence School
    • Royal Jordanian Centre for Creativity and Excellence
    • The National Education Centre for Ambulance and Emergency
    • Simulation Training Center

Kenneth Pollack, a U.S. military analyst, wrote in c.2002 that 'from 1948 to 1956, the Arab Legion was far superior to any of the other Arab militaries. In battle, it generally gave as good as it got, and the Israelis considered it their most dangerous adversary. However, after 1956, the Jordanian capabilities began to decline. In 1967 they performed worse than in 1948, although the exceptional performance of the 40th Armoured Brigade and a number of Israeli mistakes helped disguise the deterioration somewhat. Thereafter Jordanian capabilities continued to gradually erode.'^[8]

Unit Summary

Number	Unit Type	Equipment	Notes
12	Tank Battalion	Al-Hussein, M60 Phoenix, M577, M106A2	Two battalions per armored brigade, One Battalion per Mechanized Brigade. Except the 90th Mechanized Brigade which has Field Reconnaissance Battalion instead of Tank Battalion.
10	Mechanized Infantry Battalion (APC)	YPR-765, M113A2MK-1J, M577A2, M901 ITV, M106A2	Two Battalions per Mechanized Brigade.
4	Armored Infantry Battalion (IFV)	YPR-765 pri, M113A2MK-1J, M577A2, YPR-765 prat, M106A2	One Battalion per Armored Brigade
9	Light Infantry Battalion	Ratel IFV, Humvee, Desert Iris, FMTV, DAF Military Trucks	Three battalions per Infantry Brigade
1	Field Reconnaissance Battalion	BMP-2, Humvee, Al-Thalab, FMTV, DAF Military Trucks	Subordinate to 90th Mechanized Infantry Brigade, BMP-2 to be replaced with AIFV
12	Border Guard Battalion	Humvee, Al-Thalab, Desert Iris, DAF Military Trucks	Three to four battalions per Border Guard Brigade, one battalion in Central Command
3	Special Mission Battalion (Parachute)	Ratel IFV, Saxon APC, Humvee, Desert Iris, FMTV, DAF Military Trucks	15th, 16th, 20th Special Mission (Paratrooper) Battalions Subordinate to 30th Special Mission Brigade
3	Rangers Battalion (JSOC)	Humvee, Ratel IFV, Militarized Dodge RAM, Desert Iris, FMTV, DAF Military Trucks	2nd, 3rd and 111th Ranger battalions under 28th Rangers Brigade
3	Special Forces Battalion (JSOC)	Humvee, Al-Thalab, Militarized Dodge RAM, Desert Iris, GMC Suburban, AL-Jawad MKII/III, FMTV, DAF Military Trucks	61st CSAR, 71st CT, 101st SF Battalions under 37th Special Forces Brigade
2	SF Airborne Battalion (JSOC)	Humvee, Militarized Dodge RAM, Desert Iris, FMTV, DAF Military Trucks	81st Airborne under 37th SF Brigade, 91st Ranger Battalion (Airborne Orientation) under 28th Rangers Brigade
1	Special Reconnaissance Regiment (JSOC)	Al-Thalab, Desert Iris, LATV	61st SRR Tier 1 Force in JAF, under Special Royal Guard Brigade
14	Self-Propelled Artillery	M109A2 Howitzer, M113A2, M577A2, M901 ITV, M35, DAF Military Trucks	One Battalion per Armored Brigade or Mechanized Brigade, Three battalions per Command Artillery or Div. Artillery (DIVART).
5	Heavy Self-Propelled Artillery	M110A2 Howitzer, M113A2, M577A2, M901 ITV, M35, DAF Military Trucks	One battalion per Command Artillery or Div. Artillery (DIVART).
2	Rocket Artillery Battalion	HIMARS, WM-120 MLRS, Humvee, FMTV, DAF Military Trucks	28th MLRS, 29th MLRS Battalions
1	Airborne Artillery Group	M102A1 Howitzer, AB-19 MLRS, Hanwha-70 MLRS, W-86 Mortar	Airborne Artillery group for JSOC.
1	Target Acquisition Regiment	TPQ-36, TPQ-37, M35, DAF Military Trucks
14	Field ADA Battalion	Pantsir-S1E, 9K33 Osa, Strela-10, PTRL, M163 Vulcan, ZSU-23-4 Shilka, Igla-S, 9K38 Igla, Strela-3	Three battalions per AD brigade, one battalion each in Southern Command, 30th Special Mission Brigade and a Special AD Company for JSOC.
1	Anti-tank Battalion	M901 ITV, YPR-765 prat, M41 ITAS	3rd Anti-tank Battalion in 3rd Armored Division
4	Military Police Group	Ratel IFV, Humvee, Toyota land cruiser	Northern, Central, Southern, Capital Military Police Groups
6	Engineer Battalion	M113A2, M35, CEV, Armored Tracked Bulldozer (CAT D6T, D7G/R, D8R, D9, Komatsu D155A), Wheeled Bulldozer (CAT 924H, 966C/D/F/G/H, Komatsu WA300-1, WA320, WA380-3A, W470-3), excavators, graders (CAT 12G, 120M), dump trucks, Backhoe loaders, loaders, M58 MICLIC, Aardvark JSFU, M35, DAF Military Trucks, Combat Dozer UDK1 and Bomb disposal robots.	One Engineer Battalion per Command or Division and the 7th Armored Engineer Battalion, except Southern Command which has Engineer Company.
6	Supply & Transport Battalion	FMTV, M35, M800 & M900 Trucks, DAF Military Trucks, Fuel Tankers, Toyota Trucks and many other vehicles.	One Supply & Transport battalion per Command or Division, except Southern Command which has Supply & Transport Group.
7	Command & Control & Communication Group	M577A2, M113A2, Humvee, RG-12, DAF Military Trucks	One Group per Command or Division, one Group for Army Headquarter.
6	Medical Support Group	M113A2 Ambulance, HMMWV M997 Ambulance, Toyota Land Cruiser Ambulance, Mobile Field Hospitals on trucks.	One Medical Support Group per command or division .
6	Maintenance Group	M113A2, M88 Recovery Vehicle, M578 Light Recovery Vehicle, AL Monjed ARV, Chieftain ARV, YPR-806, M109 Van, M35 Trucks, M800 & M900 Trucks, DAF Military Trucks	One Maintenance Group per command or division.
6	Construction Group	Wheeled bulldozer, M35, DAF Military Trucks, excavators, dump trucks, Backhoe loaders, loaders.	One Construction Group per command or division and General Construction Group.
6	Administrative Transport Group		One Administrative Transport Group per command or division .
1	AFV Transporter Group	Heavy Equipment Transport System, Scammell Commander	Used to transport heavy equipment and armored units.
1	Main Transportation Groups	FMTV, Fuel Tankers, Water Tankers, Toyota Trucks and many other vehicles.
1	Electricity & Water Group
1	Electronic Warfare Battalion
1	Chemical Support Group
1	Ordnance Command (Ammunition)		Include 5 Battalions and Ammunition Protection Battalion.

Training

Volunteers and conscripts receive 14 weeks of basic training in military skills and discipline. This is followed by more advanced training in weaponry and various specialities, such as artillery, communications and engineering, after the recruit is assigned to a permanent unit. Soldiers who qualify for promotion undertake courses at a general NCO school. They may then avail themselves of courses in more specialised centres where there is training in armour, artillery, engineering and logistics. Special Forces personnel are trained in a branch of the infantry school.

Officer cadets are trained at the Mutah Military University, which was established in the town of Mutah, south of Amman, in the 1980s. A cadet who successfully completes the four-year course is commissioned as a second lieutenant. Advanced courses for officer training are provided at two centres near Amman - the Jordanian Staff College and the War College. Generally, officers from senior captain to lieutenant colonel attend the Staff College, where they can earn a BA degree in military science, while more senior officers study at the War College, where a master's degree is offered.

Many Jordanian officers study abroad - at the US Army General Staff College, or at the British Army Staff College, and many Jordanian cadets have graduated from the UK's Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. Members of the Jordanian Royal Family have a tradition of attending Sandhurst. The late King Hussein graduated from the college in 1952; he was followed by his son, the present ruler King Abdullah in 1981; his daughter Aisha, now head of the Royal Jordanian Army Women's Corps, in 1987; his son Prince Ali in 1994; Crown Prince Hamzeh in 1999 and Prince Hashem, stepbrother of King Abdullah, in 2000. In addition, both officers and non-commissioned officers attend specialised courses abroad.

The British Government arranges for senior Jordanian officers to attend the Royal College for Defence Studies in the UK. Britain's special relationship with Jordan has remained strong - this was underlined by the provision by the British Army of two short-term training teams to Jordan to advise and oversee the transition and the conversion training of the Jordan Armed Forces on the Al-Hussein/Challenger 1 tanks supplied as part of Britain's military assistance to the kingdom.

British and Jordanian units regularly carry out joint training exercises in Jordan. The kingdom provides British Army units based in Cyprus with the opportunity to train in a desert environment, alongside Jordanian units. It has become a regular practice for two British Army infantry battalions based in Cyprus to exercise in Jordan every year between August and October. The US has provided significant assistance towards the training of Jordanian military personnel. Under the US International Military Education and Training Program (IMET), USD2 million was allotted to the training programme for Jordan in 2002, making it one of the largest IMET programmes of its kind in the world.

The 2002 IMET grant facilitated the training in the US of more than 200 Jordanian military personnel. Jordanian personnel are trained to a very high standard and Jordan's military training has a very high reputation in the Arab world, to the extent that many Arab states (as well as states beyond the Arab world) have sent personnel to be trained at Jordan's military schools. In recent years, personnel from the following countries have been to Jordan for military training: Bahrain, Egypt, France, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Pakistan, South Korea, Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates.

Secret military exchanges between Jordan and Taiwan, which had been going on for many years, were revealed in late 1999 after a Jordanian army NCO was killed in a parachute accident in Taiwan. Jordan has diplomatic relations with China but none with Taiwan. Reports in November 1999 indicated that Jordan sent two groups of about 10 servicemen to Taiwan every year for intensive military training, which included parachuting sessions in Pingtung County's Tsochou township, where the accident happened, jungle combat drills in Taichung County's mountainous Kukuan area, as well as winter training in the snow in Taiwan's Central Mountain Range. It was revealed that military exchanges between the two countries began in the mid-1950s, when Taiwan sent instructors to Jordan to help train its F-5 fighter pilots.

The quality of instructors from the Special Operations Command (SOCOM) is highly regarded abroad, especially in the Arab world. SOCOM instructors have been providing training in Jordan to special operations troops from a range of Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, Libya, Algeria, Morocco and Lebanon. It is understood that Jordanian instructors have also provided training in the UAE to that country's troops. In April 2002, Jordanian special operations instructors left for Yemen to assist US forces in training Yemeni forces to fight terrorism.

Jordan has set up a centre specialising in training for special operations personnel. The King Abdullah Special Operations Training Centre is based at Jajooz, Amman.

In April 2004 the Jordan Armed Forces (JAF) established a new committee to further its plans for the creation of a unified national training centre. It was proposed that this combined arms training centre would group together simulation equipment for training infantry, armour and artillery personnel, from the individual to the collective training stages.^[15]

Training Areas

• Artillery and Armour training takes place in the desert area to the east of Amman and southern desert.

Current equipment

The present day Jordanian Army is equipped with mainly Western (US and British) supplied weapons.

The Jordanian Army is equipped with a mix of British and American tanks, including the Al-Hussein, Al-Khalid and M-60 Phoenix. The older Centurion tank and M-48A5 series are phased out, as the Challenger and M-60A3 undergo further upgrades.

Current projects carried out by KADDB include integration of the Phoenix digital fire and control system and a revised turret for the M-60A3 (featuring ERA of unknown origin) along RUAG L50/52 Smooth-bore Compact Gun to replace the Rifled 120mm L15A1 and 105mm L7/M68 gun of the Challenger 1 and M-60A3 respectively. The Projects have also been offered for export and existing M-60 users such as Egypt or Saudi Arabia have shown interest in KADDB.

The M113A2MK-1J remains a standard APC and are being supplanted by AIFV and local vehicles, including the MAP II and Al-Temsah (Crocodile, an APC conversion of a Centurion tank chassis). 24-28 AH-1S/F 'Cobra' equip Army aviation and are equipped with TOW II ATGW and capable of night-time operations since been upgraded. Earlier the Bofors 40 mm gun was also used.

Personal Equipment includes the US-supplied M-16 rifles (mainly A2 and some A3/A4), M-4A1, Taiwanese T65 assault rifles and T86 carbines, Browning HP automatic pistols; however, some units utilise the relatively uncommon Beretta Italian SS70/223 (the standard carbine of the Public Security Department and Police Force). The M-60 and FN-MAG are carried as the GPMG. The Badia forces generally carry the M-14 on camel back.

Photo	Name	Origin	Type	Number	Notes
Main Battle Tank
	Al-Hussein	United Kingdom	Main Battle Tank	392[16][17] ~ 402 [18]	The Challenger 1 (Al-Hussein) is the Jordanian Army's battle proven main battle tank upgraded by KADDB.
	Phoenix	United States	Main Battle Tank	182[19][20][21][22][23]	The M60 Phoenix[24] is a Jordanian upgrade of the M60A3 main battle tank. It was developed by KADDB. Jordan upgraded four battalions with total 182 tanks.[19][20][21][22][23]
	Al-Khalid	United Kingdom	Main Battle Tank	274 + 90 [18]	The Khalid is essentially the FV4030/2 MBT with minor modifications to suit Jordanian requirements, currently all in storage. Jordan received 90 captured Iranian Chieftain tanks from Iraq after Iran–Iraq War but never used.[25]
	M60A1	United States	Main Battle Tank	82	in storage, +20 Converted to Al-Monjed A2 ARV by KADDB.
	Tariq	United Kingdom	Main Battle Tank	293	in storage, Some converted to MAP II Heavy Armored APC by KADDB.
Armored Personnel Carrier
	M113A2MK-1J	United States	Armoured Personnel Carrier	+1,300	Upgraded to Jordan configuration, including 70 M106A2, 93 M901 ITV, 7 M1059 [26][27][28]
	AIFV	United States	Armoured Personnel Carrier	213	165 YPR-765 pri.50 including YPR-806 prbrg ARV from Netherlands[18][29][30] 48 AIFV-B from Belgium[18]
	ACV-S	Turkey	Armoured Personnel Carrier	100
	FV103 Spartan	United Kingdom	Armoured Personnel Carrier	100
	M577	United States	Command Vehicle	+300	Command vehicle based on the M113,[18] 200 M577A2 received from US in 2012.[31]
Infantry Fighting Vehicle
	AIFV	United States	Infantry Fighting Vehicle	233	220 YPR-765 pri 25mm IFV from Netherlands[18][29][30] 13 AIFV-B-C25 25mm IFV from Belgium[18]
	Ratel IFV	South Africa	Infantry Fighting Vehicle	341	20mm / twin gun 23mm [18][32][33]
	BMP-2	Soviet Union	Infantry Fighting Vehicle	35[18]
Reconnaissance Vehicle
	FV107 Scimitar	United Kingdom	Armoured Fighting Vehicle	175	Jordan had 75 Scimitar and obtained over 100 Scimitars in a 2006 deal that netted the British $20 million [18][34]
	FV101 Scorpion	United Kingdom	Armoured Fighting Vehicle	50	50 Scorpion's received from Belgium in 2001, 4x AT-14 Kornet-E Ready to launch. (Upgraded By JERSCO) [18][35][36]
Artillery
	M109A2	United States	Self-propelled Howitzer	341	121 M109A2-90 From Netherlands[18][29][30]
	M110A2	United States	Self-propelled Howitzer	120 [18]
	M102A1	United States	Towed Howitzer	54
	M114	United States	Towed Howitzer	18	in storage
	HIMARS	United States	Rocket Artillery	12 [18][37]	12 launchers with 432 guided missiles, option for additional 12 launchers.
	WM-120 MLRS	China	Rocket Artillery	24	The system has a maximum range of 120 km. (It appeared in a military drill conducted by JAF)[38][39][40][41]
	AB-19	Jordan	Rocket Artillery	32[42]
	Hanwha-70	Jordan  South Korea	Rocket Artillery	20	Hanwha-70 70mm MLRS produced by Hanwha & KADDB[18][43][44]
Air Defense
	Pantsir-S1E	Russia	Self-propelled Air Defense		According to what Jane's Defence Weekly reported in 2007[45] a complete Russian Pantsir-S1 short-range air-defence system was being field tested in Jordan and that the kingdom is set to place an order.[46] Army-Technology reported that Jordan placed an order for an undisclosed number of systems.[47] Russia Today reported Jordan as being a customer for Pantsir-S1, and that they were likely to purchase between 50–75 combat vehicles.
	9K33 Osa	Soviet Union	Self-propelled Air Defense	48	Upgraded to OSA-AKM
	9K35 Strela-10	Soviet Union	Self-propelled Air Defense	50	Upgraded by JELS[48]
	M163 Vulcan	United States	SPAAG	181	81 VADS transferred from Belgium to Jordan in 2005
	PTRL	West Germany	SPAAG	60	60 have been bought from withdrawn Dutch surplus for 21 million dollars.[49][50]
	ZSU-23-4 Shilka	Soviet Union	SPAAG	48 [18]
	Igla-S	Russia	MANPADS	182	182 Dzhigit launchers (2x Igla-S) with Sagem vision on Light vehicles.
	SA-18 Igla	Russia	MANPADS	100
	SA-16 Igla-1	Soviet Union	MANPADS	240
	SA-14 Strela-3	Soviet Union	MANPADS	300
Light Armored Vehicle
	Humvee	United States	Multipurpose Utility Vehicle	+600	250 M998A0 HMMWVs,[31] 50 M1165A1B3 HMMWVs [51] received from US in 2013
	Desert Iris	Jordan	Multipurpose Utility Vehicle	450 [52][53]
	Al-Thalab (Fox) LRPV	Jordan	Multipurpose Utility Vehicle	200[54][55]
	MaxxPro MRAP	United States	Medium Mine Protected Vehicle	100
	Cougar CAT II MRAP	United States	Medium Mine Protected Vehicle	149	57 Cougar CAT II, 5 Cougar CAT II EOD, 10 Cougar CAT II ENG W/O ISS, 41 Cougar CAT II Surge W/O ISS, 16 Cougar CAT II Surge with ISS and 20 Cougar CAT II ENG with ISS. (ISS: Improved Suspension)
	RG-33L MRAP	South Africa	Medium Mine Protected Vehicle	39	39 RG-33L MRAP From US in 2012.[31]
	Jeep J8	United Kingdom	Light Utility & Patrol Vehicle		Jordanian Armed Forces are set to receive an undisclosed number of Jeep J8 Patrol [56]
	AB2 Al-Jawad	Jordan	Multipurpose Utility Vehicle	65
	LTATV	Jordan	All Terrain Vehicle	50	KADDB has already received orders for 50 ATVs.[57][58]
	Matador (mine protected vehicle)	South Africa	Mine Protected Vehicle	50
	Ferret Hybrid	United Kingdom	Wheeled Armoured Vehicle	50	Upgraded by KADDB.[59]
Anti-tank Weapon
	M901 ITV	United States	Tank destroyer	93 [18]	Numbers of M901 ITV might be much higher than 93.
	YPR-765 prat	United States	Tank destroyer	+55	+55 YPR-765 with Tow Under Armor (TUA) received from Netherlands [29][30]
	BGM-71 TOW	United States	Anti-tank missile	339	Jordan received 320 ITOW launchers in 1982 and 19 launchers in 1999.[18][60] These launchers were removed from the M151 Jeep and modified by KADDB and re-installed on Desert Iris, HMMWV.
	M41 TOW ITAS	United States	Anti-tank missile	285	285 M41 TOW ITAS on HMMWV received from USA in 2004 [18][61]
	M47 Dragon	United States	Anti-tank missile	310	3080 MAP missiles
	FGM-148 Javelin	United States	Anti-tank missile	192	30 CLUs with 116 missiles delivered,162 CLUs with 1808 missiles being delivered.[62][63]
	AT-14 Kornet	Russia	Anti-tank missile	200	2,000 missiles [18][64]
	Nashab	Russia  Jordan	Anti-tank missile	25,000	15,000 training units (Jordan will manufacture 60,000 Nashab units annually),[65] the system name has been changed from Hashim to Nashab.
	RPG-27	Soviet Union	Anti-tank missile	6,000 [66]	will be replaced by Nashab
	RPG-26	Soviet Union	Anti-tank missile	3,000 [67]	will be replaced by Nashab
	APILAS	France	Anti-tank missile	2,300	will be replaced by Nashab
	M712 Copperhead	United States	Precision-guided munitions	100 [68]
Mortar
	Brandt	France	Mortar	300
	M29 mortar	United States	Mortar	450
	M106 mortar carrier	United States	Mortar Carrier	70
	W-86	China	Mortar	200	200 W-86 120mm mortar For JSOC[69]
	WW-90	China	Mortar	375	375 WW-90 60mm mortar [61]
	PPT89	China	Mortar	1275	1275 PPT89 60mm mortar[61]
Ground Radar & Surveillance System
	TPQ-36	United States	Weapon Locating System	12[18]
	TPQ-37	United States	Weapon Locating System	6[18]
	Flycatcher Mk1[70]	Netherlands	Radar Fire Control System	11	Eleven Thales Nederland Flycatcher Mk1 Mobile Radar Fire Control Systems and 22 40mm Bofors L/70 guns from Netherlands.[50]
	Distant Sentry [71]	Italy  United States	Surveillance System		Border Control System (Including Ground Radars, Towers, Sensors, IR Cameras and Aerostats)[63][72]
Logistic and Engineering Vehicle
	M88 Recovery Vehicle	United States	Armoured Recovery Vehicles	52	22x M88A2 purchased from the U.S. Anniston Army Depot in April 2012 (to be rebuilt and, potentially, upgraded either at Anniston Army Depot or at the King Hussein Maintenance Facility in Jordan).[73]
	M578 Light Recovery Vehicle	United States	Armoured Recovery Vehicles	30	used with M110A2 Howitzer
	AL Monjed ARV	Jordan	Armoured Recovery Vehicles	20	AL-Monjed ARV based on M-60A1 tank[74]
	FV4204 ARV	United Kingdom	Armoured Recovery Vehicles	49[18]
	Leopard 1 ARV	West Germany	Armoured Recovery Vehicles	5[50]	Five Leopard 1 armoured recovery vehicles will be handed over to Jordan from Netherlands together with two Leopard 1 main battle tanks (MBT), which will be used for spare parts.[50]
	YPR-806 & M806	United States	Armoured Recovery Vehicles	+90 [29][30]	24 M113 ARV received from Belgium in 2008 / 2010.[18] +17 YPR-806 ARV received from Netherlands in 2012.
	HEMTT	United States	8x8 Off-road Heavy Cargo Truck
	FMTV	United States	Cargo truck	250 ~ 300	M1078, M1083, M1085A1, M1089, M1091[75][76]
	M35	United States	2½ ton Cargo truck	1200	701 M35A2, 119 M35A2 WW, 226 M35A2 WOW, 50 M35A2C WOW, 74 M109A3 Van, 5 M35A2C WW, 25 M36A2 [77]
	M800 & M900 Truck	United States	5 ton Cargo truck	400 ~ 600	refurbishment for M800 and M900 by JOMSS[78]
	DAF Trucks	Netherlands	4 ton & 10 ton Cargo truck	467	467 DAF4440/4442 and DAF YAK/YAS2300 trucks received from Netherlands.[29][30]
	M58 MICLIC	United States	Mine Clearing
	Aardvark JSFU	United Kingdom	Mine Clearing	+12	Aardvark Mk 2/3 flail
	Pearson Combat Dozer UDK1	United Kingdom	Combat Dozer	+60	for Challenger-1 tank[79]
	Heavy Equipment Transport System	United States	Heavy Equipment Transport System	215
	Scammell Commander	United Kingdom	Scammell Commander	100
	M915A2	United States	Heavy Equipment Transporter	60	60 M915A2 received from US in 2012.[31]

Weapons

• M16 assault rifle - 5.56 mm assault rifle ^[80]
• T91 assault rifle - 5.56 mm assault rifle ^[81]
• T86 assault rifle - 5.56 mm assault rifle ^[82]
• AK-74 assault rifle - 5.45x39mm assault rifle ^[83]
• Heckler & Koch MP5 - 9 mm Luger Parabellum Submachine gun^[83]
• Heckler & Koch UMP - 9 mm Luger Parabellum Submachine gun ^[84]
• Heckler & Koch MP7 - 4.6x30 Submachine gun ^[83]
• Heckler & Koch G3 - 7.62 mm Battle rifle^[83]
• Heckler & Koch G36 - 5.56 mm assault rifle, the Jordanian Special Operations Forces employ the G36C.^[84]
• M4 Carbine - 5.56 mm assault rifle, sold as part of a 2007 Foreign Military Sales package.^[85] Additional M4s sold as a 2008 Foreign Military Sales package.^[86]
• Heckler & Koch HK21 - 7.62 mm machine gun^[83]
• M60 machine gun - 7.62 mm machine gun ^[83]
• M240 machine gun - 7.62 mm machine gun ^[83]
• FN MAG machine gun - 7.62 mm machine gun^[83][87]
• Browning M2HB - 12.7 mm machine gun^[83] 1,261+ acquired. In use on tripods and as flexible gun on M113A2 Mk 1J armoured personnel carrier and other armoured vehicles.
• Barrett M82A1 - .50 BMG sniper rifle ^[84][88]
• Barrett M95 - .50 BMG sniper rifle Employed by Jordanian Special Operations Forces.^[84]
• McMillan Tac-50 - .50 BMG sniper rifle Used by SRR-61 (Special Reconnaissance Regiment).^[89]
• Sako TGR-42 - .338 Lapua sniper rifle, Used by Jordanian SRR-61 (Special Reconnaissance Regiment).^[84][87]
• Sako TGR-22 - .308 Winchester sniper rifle, Used by Jordanian SRR-61 (Special Reconnaissance Regiment).^[84][87]
• Steyr SSG 69 - 7.62x51mm NATO sniper rifle ^[83]
• SIG SG550-1 Sniper - 5.56 mm sniper rifle
• DPMS Panther LR308 - 7.62 mm sniper rifle ^[87]
• VSS Vintorez - 9x39mm sniper rifle used by Special forces since 2002.
• Remington Model 700 - sniper rifle
• Milkor MGL - 40mm grenade grenade launcher, limited use by CTB-71 and other JSOC.
• M203 - 40mm grenade grenade launcher ^[83]
• MK19 - 40mm grenade grenade launcher used by Royal Guard.
• Remington Model 870 - Shotgun
• Benelli M4 - Shotgun
• Viper pistol - pistol ^[90][91]
• Caracal F - 9 x 19 mm pistol 8,000+ acquired.^[92]
• SIG Sauer P226 - 9 x 19 mm pistol ^[83]
• Glock 17, Glock 19 - 9 x 19 mm pistol ^[93]
• Heckler & Koch USP - 9 x 19 mm pistol ^[83]
• Beretta 92FS - 9 x 19 mm pistol ^[94]
• FN Browning HP-35 - 9 x 19 mm pistol ^[83]

^[95]

References

External links

• kamouflage.net index of Jordan's camouflage
• Jordanian Armed Forces (Arabic)
• Jordanian Armed Forces, (English)
• KAADB (Arabic)
• KIG (English)

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