John Amos Comenius

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John Amos Comenius
Born (1592-03-28)28 March 1592
Moravia
Died 15 November 1670(1670-11-15) (aged 78)
Amsterdam
Occupation Teacher, educator, philosopher and writer

John Amos Comenius (Czech: Jan Amos Komenský; Slovak: Ján Amos Komenský; German: Johann Amos Comenius; Polish: Jan Amos Komeński; Hungarian: Comenius Ámos János, in other sources: Hungarian: Comenius-Szeges János; Latinized: Iohannes Amos Comenius) (28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670)[1] was a Czech-speaking [2] Moravian[3][4][5] teacher, educator and writer. He served as the last bishop of Unity of the Brethren and became a religious refugee and one of the earliest champions of universal education, a concept eventually set forth in his book Didactica Magna. He is considered the father of modern education.[6][7] Comenius was the innovator who first introduced pictorial textbooks, written in native language instead of Latin, applied effective teaching based on the natural gradual growth from simple to more comprehensive concepts, supported lifelong learning and development of logical thinking by moving from dull memorization, presented and supported the idea of equal opportunity for impoverished children, opened doors to education for women, made instruction universal and practical. He lived and worked in many different countries in Europe, including Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Transylvania, the Holy Roman Empire, England, the Netherlands and Royal Hungary.

Life and work

Comenius originated from Moravia, but history has no accurate record of his birthplace. There are three possible locations: Komňa, Nivnice and Uherský Brod (all three locations are in Uherské Hradiště District, southeastern Moravia, Czech Republic). His ancestors came from the Kingdom of Hungary (from the part that is today Slovakia, which is very close to Moravia both geographically and linguistically, likely from Pobedim near Trenčín) during the 15th century and their family name was Segeš according to a rough dedication found in his work Clamores Eliae in 1964 by Milada Blekastad, a monographer of Comenius.[8]

He described himself as "Moravus ego natione, lingua Bohemus";[5] an inhabitant of the Margraviate of Moravia (probably with Slovak roots) who used the Czech language for daily communication. The original family name (Szeges or Segeš) is of Hungarian origin and is relatively common in Western Slovakia both for local Hungarians and even Slovaks.[9]

Memorial in Potsdam-Babelsberg

John Comenius was the youngest child and only son of Martin Komenský and his wife Anna Chmelová. His grandfather, whose name was Jan Segeš, started to use the surname Komenský after leaving Komňa to live in Uherský Brod.[10] (He was "the man from Komňa" = Komenský.) Martin and Anna Komenský belonged to the Moravian Brethren, and Comenius later became one of the leaders of that pre-Reformation Protestant denomination.[11] His parents and two of his four sisters died in 1604 and young John went to live with his aunt in Strážnice.

Owing to his impoverished circumstances he was unable to begin his formal education until late.[11] He was 16 when he entered the Latin school in Přerov (he later returned to this school as a teacher 1614–1618). He continued his studies in the Herborn gymnasium (1611–1613) and the University of Heidelberg (1613–1614). In 1612 he read Fama Fraternitatis. Comenius was greatly influenced by the Irish Jesuit William Bathe as well as his teachers Johann Piscator, Heinrich Gutberleth, and particularly Heinrich Alsted. The Herborn school held the principle that every theory has to be functional in practical use, therefore it has to be didactic (i.e. morally instructive). In the course of his study he also became acquainted with the educational reforms of Ratichius and with the report of these reforms issued by the universities of Jena and Giessen.[11] Comenius' book Janua linguarum reserata (The Gate of Languages Unlocked, 1631) brought him widespread prominence and fame. However he and the Unity became special targets of the Counter Reformation movement and were forced into exile even as his fame grew across Europe.

Comenius became rector of a school in Přerov.[12] In 1614 he was ordained into the ministry of the Moravian Brethren and four years later became pastor and rector at Fulnek, one of its most flourishing churches. Throughout his life this pastoral activity was his most immediate concern. In consequence of the religious wars he lost all his property and his writings in 1621 and six years later[11][13] led the Brethren into exile when the Habsburg Counter-Reformation persecuted the Protestants in Bohemia.

Marble Plaque of Comenius in Sárospatak, Hungary

Comenius took refuge in Leszno in Poland, where he led the gymnasium and was given charge of the Bohemian and Moravian churches. In 1628 he corresponded with Johann Valentin Andreae. In 1638 Comenius responded to a request by the government of Sweden and traveled there to draw up a scheme for the management of the schools of that country,[12][13] and in 1641, he responded to a request by the English parliament and joined a commission there charged with the reform of the system of public education. The disturbed political condition of England interfered with the latter project,[11][12] and so in 1642 he returned to Sweden to work with Queen Christina (reigned 1632–1654) and the chancellor Axel Oxenstierna (in office 1612–1654) on the task of reorganizing the Swedish schools. The same year he moved to Elbing, Royal Prussia, (now (Elbląg,Poland) and in 1648 went to England with the aid of Samuel Hartlib, who came originally from Elbing. In 1650 Zsuzsanna Lorántffy, widow of George I Rákóczi prince of Transylvania invited him to Sárospatak. Comenius remained there until 1654 as a professor at the first Hungarian Protestant College; he wrote some of his most important works there.

Comenius returned to Leszno. During the Northern Wars in 1655, he declared his support for the Protestant Swedish side, for which Polish partisans burned his house, his manuscripts, and the school's printing press in 1656. From Leszno he took refuge in Amsterdam in the Netherlands, where he died in 1670. For unclear reasons he was buried in Naarden, where visitors can see his grave in the mausoleum devoted to him.

After his religious duties, Comenius's second great interest was in furthering the Baconian attempt at the organization of all human knowledge. He became one of the leaders in the encyclopædic or pansophic movement of the seventeenth century, and, in fact, was inclined to sacrifice his more practical educational interests and opportunities for these more imposing but somewhat visionary projects. In 1639, Comenius published his Pansophiæ Prodromus, and in the following year his English friend Hartlib published, without his consent, the plan of the pansophic work as outlined by Comenius. The manuscript of Pansophia was destroyed in the burning of his home in Lissa in 1657. The pansophic ideas find partial expression in the series of textbooks he produced from time to time. In these, he attempts to organize the entire field of human knowledge so as to bring it, in outline, within the grasp of every child.[11]

According to Cotton Mather, Comenius was asked by Winthrop to be the President of Harvard University, this being more plausibly John Winthrop the Younger than his father since the junior Winthrop was in England; but Comenius moved to Sweden instead.[14][15] Comenius also attempted to design a language in which false statements were inexpressible.[16] He also wrote Protestant Hymn songbooks (Gesangbuch). A new Dutch translation of his Janua Linguarum Reserata by C.F.J. Antonides is available.

Educational influence

The most permanent influence exerted by Comenius was in practical educational work. Few men since his day have had a greater influence, though for the greater part of the eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth there was little recognition of his relationship to the current advance in educational thought and practice. The practical educational influence of Comenius was threefold. He was first a teacher and an organizer of schools, not only among his own people, but later in Sweden, and to a slight extent in Holland. In his Didactica Magna (Great Didactic), he outlined a system of schools that is the exact counterpart of the existing American system of kindergarten, elementary school, secondary school, college, and university.[11]

In the second place, the influence of Comenius was in formulating the general theory of education. In this respect he is the forerunner of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Fröbel, etc., and is the first to formulate that idea of "education according to nature" so influential during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century. The influence of Comenius on educational thought is comparable with that of his contemporaries, Bacon and Descartes, on science and philosophy. In fact, he was largely influenced by the thought of these two; and his importance is largely due to the fact that he first applied or attempted to apply in a systematic manner the principles of thought and of investigation, newly formulated by those philosophers, to the organization of education in all its aspects. The summary of this attempt is given in the Didactica Magna, completed about 1631, though not published until several years later.[11]

The third aspect of his educational influence was that on the subject matter and method of education, exerted through a series of textbooks of an entirely new nature. The first-published of these was the Janua Linguarum Reserata (The Gate of Tongues Unlocked), issued in 1631. This was followed later by a more elementary text, the Vestibulum, and a more advanced one, the Atrium, and other texts. In 1657 the Orbis Sensualium Pictus was published, probably the most renowned and most widely circulated of school textbooks. It was also the first successful application of illustrations to the work of teaching, though not, as often stated, the first illustrated book for children.[11]

These texts were all based on the same fundamental ideas: (1) learning foreign languages through the vernacular; (2) obtaining ideas through objects rather than words; (3) starting with objects most familiar to the child to introduce him to both the new language and the more remote world of objects: (4) giving the child a comprehensive knowledge of his environment, physical and social, as well as instruction in religious, moral, and classical subjects; (5) making this acquisition of a compendium of knowledge a pleasure rather than a task; and (6) making instruction universal. While the formulation of many of these ideas is open to criticism from more recent points of view, and while the naturalistic conception of education is one based on crude analogies, the importance of the Comenian influence in education has been recognized since the middle of the nineteenth century. The educational writings of Comenius comprise more than forty titles. In 1892 the three-hundredth anniversary of Comenius was very generally celebrated by educators, and at that time the Comenian Society for the study and publication of his works was formed.[11]

Theology

As a theologian, Comenius was mystical, a believer in prophecies, dreams and revelations.[13] He was greatly influenced by Boehme. In his Synopsis physicae ad lumen divinum reformatae, Comenius gives a physical theory of his own, said to be taken from the book of Genesis. He was also famous for his prophecies and the support he gave to visionaries. In his Lux in tenebris he published the visions of Christopher Kotterus, Mikuláš Drabík (lat. Nicolaus Drabicius) and Christina Poniatowska. Attempting to interpret the book of Revelation, he promised the millennium in 1672, and guaranteed miraculous assistance to those who would undertake the destruction of the Pope and the house of Austria, even venturing to prophesy that Oliver Cromwell, Gustavus Adolphus, and George I Rákóczi, prince of Transylvania, would perform the task. He also wrote to Louis XIV of France, informing him that the empire of the world should be his reward if he would overthrow the enemies of God.[12]

Family

Comenius on relief at school building in Dolany, Czech Republic
Comenius on a stone in Berlin, Germany
1958 commemorative postage stamp of the U.S.S.R.

One of his daughters, Elisabeth, married Peter Figulus from Jablonné nad Orlicí. Their son, Daniel Ernst Jablonski (1660–1741), Comenius's grandson, later went to Berlin in 1693; there he became the highest official pastor at the court of King Frederick I of Prussia (reigned 1701–1713). There he became acquainted with Count Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf (1700–1760). Zinzendorf was among the foremost successors to Comenius as a bishop (1737–1760) in the renewed Moravian Brethren's Church.

Legacy

Comenius on a Czechoslovak 20 koruna banknote

The Comenius Medal, a UNESCO award honouring outstanding achievements in the fields of education research and innovation, commemorates Comenius. Peter Drucker hailed Comenius as the inventor of textbooks and primers.[17]

Comenius, his life and teachings, have become better known since the fall of the Iron Curtain.[citation needed]

Czech Republic and Slovakia

During the 19th century Czech National Revival, Czechs idealised Comenius as a symbol of the Czech nation. This image persists to the present day. In 1919 Comenius University was founded by act of parliament in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, (now in Slovakia). It was the first university with courses in the Slovak language. Slovakia and the Czech Republic celebrate 28 March, the birthday of Comenius, as Teachers' Day. University of Jan Amos Komensky has been founded in Prague. It offers bachelor's, master's and graduate degree programmes.[18]

Gate to Languages, a project of lifelong education, taking place in the Czech Republic from October 2005 to June 2007 and aimed at language education of teachers, was named after his book Janua linguarum reserata (Gate to Languages Unlocked).

Other European

In Sárospatak, Hungary, a teacher's college is named after him (the college now belongs to the University of Miskolc.)

A primary school in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia is named after Comenius (Jan Amos Komenski in Macedonian). The Czechoslovak government built the school after the catastrophic earthquake in 1963 that levelled most of the city.

The Comenius Foundation is a non-governmental organisation in Poland, dedicated to the provision of equal opportunities to children under 10 years of age.

The Italian film director Roberto Rossellini took Comenius, and especially his theory of "direct vision," as his model in the development of his didactic theories, which Rossellini hoped would usher the world into a utopian future.[19]

"Comenius", a European Union school partnership program, takes its name from the teacher of nations.

In the United Kingdom, the University of Sheffield's Western Bank Library holds the largest collection of Comenius manuscripts outside of the Czech Republic.

USA

In 1892 Comenius Hall, the principal classroom and faculty office building on Moravian College's campus in Pennsylvania, was built. In 1892 educators in many places celebrated the three-hundredth anniversary of Comenius, and at that time the Comenian Society for the study and publication of his works was formed.[20]

The education department at Salem College in North Carolina has an annual Comenius Symposium dedicated in his honor; the subjects usually deal with modern issues in education.

The Comenius Foundation in the US, a non-profit 501(c)(3) charity, uses film and documentary production to further faith, learning, and love.[21]

Works

Latin

  • Orbis Pictus ("The Visible World in Pictures")
  • Linguae Bohemicae thesaurus, hoc est lexicon plenissimum, grammatica accurata, idiotismorum elegantiae et emphases adagiaque ("Thesaurus of the Czech language"), 1612–1656
  • Problemata miscellanea ("Different Problems"), 1612
  • Sylloge quaestionum controversarum, 1613
  • Grammaticae facilioris praecepta, 1614–1616
  • Theatrum universitatis rerum, 1616–1627
  • Centrum securitatis ("The Center of Safety"), 1625
  • Moraviae nova et post omnes priores accuratissima delineatio autore J. A. Comenio ("Map of Moravia"), 1618–1627
  • Didactica magna ("The Great Didactic"), 1633–1638
  • Via Lucis, Vestigata & Vestiganda ("The Way of Light"), 1641
  • Schola pansophica ("School of Pansophy"), 1650–1651
  • Primitiae laborum scholasticorum, 1650–1651
  • Opera didactica omnia ("Writing on All Learning"), 1657
  • De bono unitatis et ordinis ("On Good Unity and Order"), 1660
  • De rerum humanarum emendatione consultatio catholica ("General Consultation on an Improvement of All Things Human"), 1666
  • Unum necessarium ("The One Thing Needful"), 1668
  • Spicilegium Didacticum, 1680

Czech

  • O andělích ("About Angels"), 1615
  • Retuňk proti Antikristu a svodům jeho ("Utterance against the Antichrist and his temptations"), 1617
  • O starožitnostech Moravy ("About Moravian Antiquities"), 1618–1621
  • Spis o rodu Žerotínů (Script about House of Žerotín), 1618–1621
  • Listové do nebe ("Letters to Heaven"), 1619
  • Manuálník aneb jádro celé biblí svaté ("Manual or Core of the Whole Saint Bible"), 1620–1623
  • Přemyšlování o dokonalosti kŕesťanské ("Thinking About Christian Perfection"), 1622
  • Nedobytedlný hrad jméno Hospodinovo ("Unconqerable Fortress (is) Name of the God"), 1622
  • Truchlivý, díl první ("The Mournful", volume I), 1623
  • O poezí české ("About Czech Poetry"), 1623–1626
  • Truchlivý, díl druhý ("The Mournful", volume II), 1624
  • O sirobě ("About Poor People"), 1624
  • Pres boží ("Press of God"), 1624
  • Vidění a zjevení Kryštofa Kottera, souseda a jircháře sprotavského ("Seeing and Revelation of Kryštof Kotter, Neibourgh of Mine and Tanner from Sprotava"), 1625
  • Překlad některých žalmů ("Translation of Some Psalms"), 1626
  • Didaktika česká ("Czech Didactic"), 1628–1630
  • Škola hrou (Schola Ludus, School by Play) 1630
  • Labyrint světa a ráj srdce ("Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart") 1631
  • Brána jazyků otevřená (The Gate of Languages Unlocked) 1631

Publications

  • Keatinge, The Great Didactic of Comenius (London, 1896)
  • Simon Somerville Laurie, John Amos Comenius (1881; sixth edition, 1898)
  • Quick, Essays on Educational Reformers (London, 1890)
  • Müller, Comenius, ein Systematiker in der Pädagogik (Dresden, 1887)
  • Löscher, Comenius, der Pädagogik und Bischof (Leipzig, 1889)
  • Monroe, Comenius and the Beginning of Educational Reform (New York, 1900)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Daniel Murphy, Comenius: A Critical Reassessment of his Life and Works (1995), p. 8 and p. 43.
  2. ↑ He himself wrote in his letter to Petr Montanus "Toliko svému národu abych prospěl některými knihami sepsanými v mateřském jazyce, taková touha mě pojala už jako jinocha a neopustila po celých těch padesát let; k jiným věcem jsem byl přiveden jenom časovými příležitostmi. A o těchto příležitostech se zmíním, dříve však podám výčet děl, která jsem sepsal v mateřštině. Především, abych ovládl svůj jazyk, začal jsem roku 1612 (za pobytu v Herborně) skládat Poklad jazyka českého) to jest co nejúplnější slovník, přesnou mluvnici, ozdobné i výrazné způsoby mluvy a přísloví." [1]
  3. ↑ "Unum necessarium" Komensky subscribed as "J.A. Comenius Moravus" http://www.etf.cuni.cz/kat-cd/unum.htm (czech translation)
  4. ↑ "Clamores Eliae" he dedicated "To my lovely mother, Moravia, one of her faithful son...". Clamores Eliae, p.69, Kastellaun/Hunsrück : A. Henn, 1977.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Moravian by nation, language Bohemian, profession theologian, servant of Gospel from the year of grace 1616." It is his own identifiacion in "Opera omnia didactica" 1657, http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/comenius/comenius1/p3/jpg/s468.html
  6. ↑ "John Amos Comenius." Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 Vols. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  7. ↑ Ivan Illich, Deschooling Society, 1972
  8. ↑ Milada Blekastad, Comenius. Versuch eines Umrisses von Leben, Werk und Schicksal des Jan Amos Komenský (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1969). p. 723
  9. ↑ Otto Kolárik: Nové údaje a pripomienky k životopisu a určeniu hrobu J.A.Komenského, http://www.snk.sk/swift_data/source/NbiU/Biograficke%20studie/15/bs15_9_36.pdf
  10. ↑ Vyskočil, František: JAN AMOS KOMENSKÝ. Kapitoly o jeho předcich, rodičích, přibuzných a místě narození. Brno 1990. p. 66
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9  "Comenius, Johann Amos". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Comenius, Johann Amos". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2  Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Comenius, Johann Amos". Encyclopedia Americana. 
  14. ↑ Johann Amos Comenius, Charles William Bardeen, and Charles Hoole, The orbis pictus of John Amos Comenius. ISBN 1-4372-9752-8, page ii, quoting Cotton Mather, Magnalia, vol. II, p. 14.
  15. ↑ Daniel Murphy, Comenius: A Critical Reassessment of his Life and Works (1995), p. 27.
  16. ↑ Douglas Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach. ISBN 0-14-028920-8 pages 635
  17. ↑ Drucker, Peter Ferdinand (2003) [1989]. The new realities (revised ed.). Transaction Publishers. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7658-0533-1. Retrieved 2010-04-08. "[...] a Czech, John Amos Comenius – the first person to advocate universal literacy – invented the textbook and the primer." 
  18. ↑ http://wwww.ujak.cz
  19. ↑ Rossellini, Roberto. Utopia autopsia 1010. Rome: Armando, 1974. 195-6.
  20. ↑ New International Encyclopedia
  21. ↑ http://comeniusfoundation.org/

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