Johannes Hieronymus Kapsberger

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Johann(es) Hieronymus Kapsberger (also: Giovanni Girolamo or Giovanni Geronimo Kapsperger), (c. 1580 – 17 January 1651) was a German-Italian virtuoso performer and composer of the early Baroque period. A prolific and highly original composer, Kapsberger is chiefly remembered today for his lute, theorbo and chitarrone music, which was seminal in the development of these as solo instruments.

Life

Nothing is known about Kapsberger's date and place of birth. His father Colonel Wilhelm (Guglielmo) Kapsperger was a military official of the Imperial House of Austria, and may have settled in Venice, the city which may have been Kapsberger's birthplace. After 1605 Kapsberger moved to Rome, where he quickly attained a reputation as a brilliant virtuoso. He cultivated connections with various powerful individuals and organizations; and himself organized "academies" in his house, which were counted among the "wonders of Rome". Around 1609 Kapsberger married Gerolima di Rossi, with whom he had at least three children. He started publishing his music at around the same time, with more than a dozen collections of music appearing during the next ten years. These included the celebrated Libro I d'intavolatura di lauto (1611), Kapsberger's only surviving collection of music for lute.[1]

In 1624 Kapsperger entered the service of Cardinal Francesco Barberini, where he worked with numerous important composers (such as Girolamo Frescobaldi and Stefano Landi) and poets (which included Giulio Rospigliosi, the future Pope Clement IX). Kapsberger worked in Francesco's household until 1646. He died in 1651.[1]

Works

Title page of Kapsberger's Libro primo d'intavolatura di lauto, the only surviving collection of his works for lute

Kapsberger is best remembered as a composer for lute and chitarrone. At least six collections were published during his lifetime, two of which are currently lost. Kapsberger's writing is characterized, especially in toccatas, by spontaneous changes, sharp contrasts, unusual rhythmic groupings and, sometimes, passages that do not conform to the rules of counterpoint that were in use at the time.[1] The vast majority of contemporary critics praised Kapsberger's compositional skill and innovations. Among them was Athanasius Kircher, who described Kapsberger as a "superb genius" and attested that he has "successfully penetrated the secrets of music."[2] One notable exception was the critic Giovanni Battista Doni, who was initially supportive of the composer, but then turned against him for unclear reasons and criticised his music in print.[3] Also, Kapsberger's toccatas may have influenced those of Girolamo Frescobaldi,[4] much like French lute music would, some years later, influence Johann Jakob Froberger's suites.

Some contemporaries, such as Stefano Landi, mentioned that Kapsberger was not as meticulous a composer as he was as a performer.[3] The features listed above led some modern scholars to share this view and they tend to believe that Kapsberger was a composer of inferior ability. Prominent among these critics is lutenist Rolf Lislevand: in his words, "Kapsberger was as bad a composer as he was a fine instrumentalist [...] The ideas are often badly developed, and are freely associated with one another; no real musical discourse is built up [...] the rhythm—even after serious efforts at fathoming it—wavers between inspired cleverness and total confusion."[5] However, regardless of how one regards his compositional prowess, Kapsberger was one of the principal composers of lute and theorbo music during the early Baroque era (together with Alessandro Piccinini) and greatly contributed towards advancing European plucked string instruments of the time.[1]

Kapsberger's other music includes two collections of instrumental ensemble dances, rare for the period, and a wealth of vocal music, which was widely performed during his lifetime, but which is now critically less acclaimed. Kapsberger also wrote stage music, almost all currently lost. The only surviving work of this kind is Apotheosis sive Consecratio SS Ignatii et Francisci Xaverii (1622).[1]

List of works

This list only includes works published during the composer's lifetime; the few pieces that survive in manuscripts, as well as pieces of questionable attribution, are not included.

Lute and chitarrone

  • Libro primo d'intavolatura di chitarrone (1604): 6 toccatas, 7 sets of variations, 12 gagliards, Tenore del Kapsberger
  • Libro primo d'intavolatura di lauto (1611): 8 toccatas, 12 gagliards, 12 correntes
  • Libro terzo d'intavolatura di chitarrone (1626), a recently rediscovered collection[6]
  • Libro quarto d'intavolatura di chitarrone (1640): 12 toccatas, 16 preludes, 10 passacaglias, 5 chaconnes, and numerous other pieces, including dances, variations, canzonas, etc.

Other instrumental

  • Libro primo de balli, gagliarde et correnti, a quattro voci (1615): 8 balli, 6 gagliards, 6 correntes
  • Libro primo di sinfonie, a quattro voci (1615): 18 sinfonies à 4 with basso continuo

Sacred vocal

  • Libro primo di mottetti passeggiati (1612), 20 motets for voice and basso continuo
  • Cantiones sacrae (1628), 21 pieces for 3–6 voices and basso continuo
  • Modulatus sacri diminutis voculis concinnati (1630), for voice and basso continuo
  • I pastori di Bettelemme (1630), for six voices and basso continuo
  • Missae urbanae (1631), three masses for 4, 5 and 8 voices with basso continuo
  • Litaniae deiparae virginis (1631), four litanies for 4, 6 and 8 voices with basso continuo

Secular vocal

Villanellas

  • Libro primo di villanelle (1610), 20 villanellas for 1–3 voices and basso continuo
  • Libro secundo di villanelle (1619), 21 villanellas for 1–3 voices and basso continuo
  • Libro terzo di villanelle (1619), 20 villanellas for 1–3 voices and basso continuo
  • Libro quarto di villanelle (1623), 23 villanellas for 1–3 voices and basso continuo
  • Libro quinto di villanelle (1630), villanellas for 1–4 voices and basso continuo
  • Li fiori – Libro sesto di villanelle (1632), villanellas for 1–4 voices and basso continuo
  • Libro settimo di villanelle (1640), villanellas for 1–3 voices and basso continuo

Arie passeggiate

  • Libro primo di arie passeggiate (1612), 22 arias for voice and theorbo basso continuo
  • Libro secundo di arie passeggiate (1623), 30 arias for 1–2 voices and basso continuo

Other works

  • Libro primo de madrigali (1609), madrigals for five voices and basso continuo
  • Poematia et carmina [...] liber I (1624), 10 settings of verses by Pope Urban VIII, for voice and basso continuo
  • Coro musicale (1627), wedding songs for voice and basso continuo

Stage

  • Apotheosis sive Consecratio SS Ignatii et Francisci Xaverii (1622)

Lost

  • Maggio Cantata nel Real Palazzo de Pitti (1612), secular cantata
  • Libro secundo d'intavolatura di chitarrone (1616)
  • Libro secundo d'intavolatura di lauto (1619)
  • Epitalamio [...] recitativo a piu voci (1628), secular vocal music
  • Libro terzo d'arie passeggiate (1630)
  • Poematia et carmina [...] liber II (1633), settings of verses by Pope Urban VIII
  • La vittoria del principe Vladislao in Valacchia (1625), opera
  • Fetonte (1630), dramma recitato

Also, a compositional treatise by Kapsberger, Il Kapsperger della musica, was announced in 1640 in the preface to Libro quarto d'intavolatura di chitarrone, but is now lost.

References

  • Victor Anand Coelho. "Giovanni Girolamo Kapsberger", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed 21 July 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
  • Victor Anand Coelho. Liner notes to "Giovanni Girolamo Kapsberger: Libro Primo d'Intavolatura di Lauto" (Hopkinson Smith, 10-course lute). Auvidis/Astrée E 8553, 1995.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Coelho, Grove.
  2. ↑ Cited in: Paul O'Dette, liner notes to "Baroque Lute Music. Volume 1: Giovanni Girolamo Kapsberger", 1990/2001. Harmonia Mundi HMG507020
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Coelho, liner notes, p. 13.
  4. ↑ Robert Judd. Preface to Johann Hieronymus Kapsberger: Libro primo de balli, gagliarde et correnti, a quattro voci (Rome, 1615) and Libro primo di sinfonie a quattro (Rome, 1615), p. xi. Italian Instrumental Music of the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries, vol. 25. New York and London: Garland, 1993. See also: Victor Anand Coelho, Frescobaldi and the Lute and Chittarone Toccatas of "Il Tedesco della Tiorba", in Alexander Silbiger (ed.), Frescobaldi Studies, p. 137–56. Durham: Duke University Press, 1987.
  5. ↑ Rolf Lislevand, liner notes to "Johann Hieronimus Kapsberger: Libro Quarto d'Intavolatura di Chitarone", 1993. Auvidis/Astrée AS 128515
  6. ↑ Rivista Italiana di Musicologia. Vol. XXXIX-2 - Abstracts

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