Jinsha River

Jinsha (金沙江)
Yangtze (长江)
River
Jinsha flowing along the bottom of Tiger Leaping Gorge
Name origin: Chinese: "Gold Dust River"[1]
Country	China
States	Qinghai, Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan
Part of	Yangtze River basin
Tributaries
- left	Beilu River, Yalong River
- right	Pudu River, Xiaojiang River, Niulang River
Cities	Lijiang, Yunnan, Panzhihua
Source	Tongtian River
- location	Confluence of the Tongtian and Batang Rivers, Qinghai
- elevation	4,500 m (14,764 ft)
- coordinates	34°05′51″N 92°54′38″E / 34.09750°N 92.91056°E / 34.09750; 92.91056
Mouth	Yangtze River
- location	Confluence with Min Jiang at Yibin, Sichuan
- elevation	300 m (984 ft)
- coordinates	28°46′05″N 104°38′29″E / 28.76806°N 104.64139°E / 28.76806; 104.64139
Length	2,290 km (1,423 mi) approx.
Basin	485,000 km2 (187,260 sq mi) approx.
Discharge
- average	4,471 m3/s (157,892 cu ft/s)
- max	35,000 m3/s (1,236,013 cu ft/s)
Map of the Jinsha River drainage basin

The Jinsha River (Chinese: 金沙江, p Jīnshājiāng, "Gold Dust River"^[1]) is the Chinese name for the upper stretches of the Yangtze River. It flows through the provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan in western China. The river passes through Tiger Leaping Gorge.

It is sometimes grouped together with the Lancang (upper Mekong) and Nu (upper Salween) as the Sanjiang ("Three Rivers") area,^[2] part of which makes up the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas.

Name

The river was first recorded as the Hei (黑水, Hēishuǐ, lit. "Blackwater") in the Warring States' "Tribute of Yu". It was described as the Sheng (t 繩水, s 绳水, Shéngshuǐ, "Rope River") in the Han-era Classic of Mountains and Seas. During the Three Kingdoms, it was known as the Lu (t 瀘水, s 泸水, Lúshuǐ).^[3] The present name was adopted in during the Song dynasty.

Owing to earlier romanization systems, the river has been known as the Chin-sha Chiang and Kinsha Kiang (when it was not simply described as the Yangtze) in English sources for the last three centuries. The most common present name, Jinsha is the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the same Chinese characters as the other two.

Although the name is generally over-literally translated as the "Gold Sand"^[4] or "Golden-Sanded River",^[5] the name is not poetic or descriptive of the color of the river's banks. Instead, 金沙 described actual placer gold, alluvial gold powder sometimes still panned from the river's waters.

The Jinsha culture in prehistoric China derives its name from a road near its type site and not from the river directly.

Geography

Route

The Jinsha River is simply the upper course of the Yangtze, although the Yalong and Min rivers were sometimes considered to have been the main course before the advent of modern geography.^[6] It is traditionally considered to begin at the confluence of the Tongtian and Batang rivers near Gyêgu in Qinghai.

As the Jinsha River, it then flows south through a deep gorge parallel to the similar gorges of the upper Mekong and upper Salween rivers, from which it is separated by the Ningjing Mountains. It forms the western border of Sichuan for some 250 miles (400 km) and then flows into Yunnan province. After a large, 200 mile (320 km) long loop to the north of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, the Jinsha swings northeast, forming the Sichuan-Yunnan provincial boundary until it joins the Min River at Yibin in Sichuan to form the Yangtze.

Gradients

The upper course of the river falls about 14 feet per mile (2.7 m/km). Below Batang in Sichuan, the gradient gradually decreases to about 8 feet per mile (1.5 m/km) but the Jinsha is not navigable. Its upper course through the gorges, particularly, is more of an obstacle than an aid to transportation.

History

Imperial China

The pre-imperial "Tribute of Yu" recorded the traditional view of the Yangtze River as originating with the Min or Yalong instead of the Jinsha and this remained unchallenged for millennia, even after Li Daoyuan's Commentary on the Water Classic recorded much of the Jinsha's extensive river system during the Northern Wei. The Ming-era scholar Xu Xiake was the first to correct this, although it remained a common misconception in China as late as the early 20th century.

People's Republic

The Jinsha River is under heavy development by China, with over sixteen dam projects in various phases of development along the river, and many on its tributaries as well, especially the Yalong. Four dams along the lower part of the river are under construction or have already been completed to generate hydroelectric power and to trap silt that would otherwise create problems at the Three Gorges Dam. The ten largest dams will produce 55,710 megawatts of power.

See also

References

• Jun, Huang; Zulin Zhang and Gang Yu (2003). "Occurrence of dissolved PAHs in the Jinsha River (Panzhihua)—upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Southwest China". J. Environ. Monit. 5 (5): 604–09. doi:10.1039/b210670a.  Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
• International Rivers, (2009-1-16). Jinsha River Dams Retrieved 2010-1-25.

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