Jesse Bushyhead

The Reverend Jesse Bushyhead (1804–1844) was a Cherokee religious and political leader.^[1] He was born near the present-day town of Cleveland, Tennessee. His Cherokee name was Unaduti.^[2] As a young man, he was ordained a Baptist minister. A member of the John Ross faction of the Cherokees, he was dispatched by Ross in 1837 on a mission to the Seminoles. Although he opposed the policy of removal to the west, he accepted the inevitable and led a party of about 1,000 people on the Trail of Tears. On his arrival in 1839 near present-day Westville, Oklahoma, he established the Baptist Mission, which marked the end of the Cherokee Trail of Tears. He became chief justice of the Cherokee nation in 1840 and remained in that office until his death.

Early life

Jesse Bushyhead was born in September 1804 to a full-blood Cherokee woman named Nancy Foreman in a Cheerokee settlement near the present city of Cleveland, Tennessee. He was educated at Candy's Creek Mission, then taught at several schools for boys in the Candy's Creek area.^[3]

Career as a missionary

Jesse was baptized as a Christian and became an avid member of the Baptist church in 1830. He began converting other Cheokees to Christianity, established a church at Amohee in Tennessee (then his home town), and became a close associate of noted Baptist missionary, Reverend Evan Jones. Jones preached in English, while Bushyhead translated the sermon into Cherokee. One writer claimed that Bushyhead was, "... the best interpreter in the nation." ^[2]

In 1832, Reverend Jones recommended to the Baptist Board of Foreign Missions that Bushyhead be appointed as an assistant missionary. The appointment was made, and Bushyhead served in this role for the next eleven years. He is said to have been the first Cherokee to have been ordained as a Baptist minister. He continued to work closely with Jones, not only preaching to the Cherokees, but translating the Book of Genesis and other religious books into the Cherokee language, using the Cherokee Syllabary. He also served as pastor of the Amohee church.^[4]

Family life

Jesse Bushyhead married twice. He had two children with his first wife, whose name is apparently unknown. His second wife was Eliza Wilkerson or Wilkinson,who bore nine children.^[2] His oldest son, Dennis Bushyhead, was notable for serving as Principal Chief for two terms, from 1879 to 1887.^[4]

Removal to Indian Territory

Jesse Bushyhead had opposed removal of the Cherokees from their homeland in the Southeast. As the deadline approached when General Winfield Scott and the U.S. Army would escort the people to a new homeland in the Indian Territory, Rev. Bushyhead volunteered to lead one of the groups of emigres. The group who followed him was from a part of the nation where there was no capable leader.^[2]

The group led by Bushyhead followed the same northern route taken by the group led by Evan Jones. The route led them north through Tennessee and Kentucky to an Ohio River crossing at Golconda, Illinois, then west to cross the Mississippi River near Cape Girardeau, Missouri. After that, they turned southwest to Indian Territory.^[2] At the start of the trek, the group numbered 950 people. During the journey, the group experienced 38 deaths and 6 births, so that 898 arrived safely at their destination on February 23, 1838.^[3]

The trek terminated at a place Bushyhead called Pleasant Hill, about 4 miles (6.4 km) north of the present day town of Westville, Oklahoma and about 70 miles (110 km) from Fort Smith, Arkansas. The Cherokees called the place "Breadtown" because food rations were distributed there. Later, they named the place "Baptist Mission."^[3]

Death and burial

Jesse Bushyhead died on July 17, 1844 after a brief, but unspecified illness. He was buried at the old Baptist Mission cemetery near Westville

Bushyhead, Rev. Jesse, Grave
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Nearest city	Westville, Oklahoma
Coordinates	36°2′8″N 94°34′58″W / 36.03556°N 94.58278°W / 36.03556; -94.58278Coordinates: 36°2′8″N 94°34′58″W / 36.03556°N 94.58278°W / 36.03556; -94.58278
Area	less than one acre
Built	1844
Governing body	Private
MPS	Cherokee Trail of Tears MPS
NRHP Reference #	04001334 [5]
Added to NRHP	December 06, 2004

Jesse Bushyhead's grave at the Baptist Mission Cemetery is marked by a 15-foot-tall (4.6 m) marble monument. His grave is the only surviving property associated with his life, and as such is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

One side of the monument reads: "Sacred to the memory of Rev. Jesse Bushyhead, born in the old Cherokee Nation in East Tennessee, September, 1804; died in the present Cherokee Nation, July 17, 1844. 'Well done, thou good and faithful servant; thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things. Enter thou into the joy of thy Lord.'" An inscription in Cherokee is at the bottom.^[3]

The other side of the monument bears the following inscription: "Rev. Jesse Bushyhead was a man noble in person and noble in heart. His choice was to be a true and faithful minister of his Lord and Master rather than any high and wordly position. He loved his country and people, serving them from time to time in many important offices and missions. He united with the Baptist Church in his early manhood and died as he had lived, a devoted Christian."^[3]

References

• Chronicle of Oklahoma, volume 13, p. 351 note 3
• Oklahoma State Historical Preservation Office page on Jesse Bushyhead grave

v t e National Register of Historic Places in Adair County, Oklahoma Stilwell Adair County Courthouse Golda's Mill Westville Buffington Hotel Opera Block Rev. Jesse Bushyhead Grave See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Adair County, Oklahoma and List of National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma