Jean Ribault

Athore, son of the Timucuan king Saturiwa, showing Laudonnière the monument placed by Ribault.

Jean Ribault (1520 – October 12, 1565) was a French naval officer, navigator, and a colonizer of what would become the southeastern United States. He was a major figure in the French attempts to colonize Florida. A Huguenot and officer under Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, Ribault led an expedition to the New World in 1562 that founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island in present-day South Carolina. Two years later, he took over command of the French colony of Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. He and many of his followers were killed by Spanish soldiers near St. Augustine 1565.

Early life and first colony

Ribault was born in the town of Dieppe on the English Channel in the Province of Normandy. He entered into the French navy under the command of the great Huguenot admiral Gaspard de Coligny. In 1562 Coligny chose him to lead an expedition to the New World to found a colony. Leaving France on February 18 with a fleet of 150 colonists, he crossed the Atlantic Ocean and explored the mouth of the St. Johns River in modern-day Jacksonville, Florida. He named it the "River May", as this was the month when he found it, and erected a stone column claiming the territory for France.^[1] Ribault's fleet then proceeded north, charting more of the coastline and noting several rivers. Eventually they came to the Port Royal Sound in present-day South Carolina, and Ribault elected to establish a settlement on Parris Island, one of the Sea Islands off the coast. Ribault oversaw the layout of a small fort, which was named Charlesfort in honor of the French king Charles IX. Ribault left 27 men under the command of Albert de la Pierria to man the fort, and soon set sail for France.^[1]

Ribault's intention was to collect supplies for Charlesfort and return by the end of the year. When he arrived at Le Havre, however, he discovered the French Wars of Religion had broken out between the Roman Catholic majority and the Protestant Huguenots. Ribault assisted the Huguenots at Dieppe, but was forced to flee to England when the city fell. While in England, he managed to gain an audience with Queen Elizabeth I and organized some backers for a plan to settle in America. However, despite this cordial welcome, he was soon arrested and detained in the Tower of London as a spy. During his time in England, and probably while imprisoned, Ribault wrote an account of the voyage, which survives only in English translation.^[1]

The 1563 Peace of Amboise finally allowed Coligny to devote attention for a new voyage to America. He appointed Ribault's former lieutenant, René Goulaine de Laudonnière, to replace Ribault in the North American endeavors. During this time, however, Charlesfort had fallen into despair. Captain Albert de la Pierria's heavy discipline led the soldiers to a mutiny in which he was deposed and killed. Afterward, a fire destroyed most of the settlement's meager stores. The survivors elected to build a crude vessel and attempt to sail back to France. The trip was arduous, and most of the participants died before they finally reached the English coast, where they were rescued. News of this reached France just before Laudonnière had embarked on his voyage.^[1]

Second voyage

Laudonnière ultimately set sail on April 22, 1564 and arrived at Florida two months later. The plan was for Ribault to follow him in Spring 1565 with reinforcements and fresh supplies. As Charlesfort was now abandoned, the expedition decided to found a new colony on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is now Jacksonville, Florida, the same area Ribault and company had explored on the prior voyage. They christened the settlement Fort Caroline.^[2]

Fort Caroline sustained itself for the next year, but Ribault found himself caught up in the fresh outbreak of war in France and was unable to set sail at the appointed time. As a result the colony experienced food shortages and deteriorating conditions, and some soldiers mutinied and became pirates, attacking Spanish vessels in the Caribbean. The situation was exacerbated by a clash with the Utina, a Timucua Indian tribe up the river to the south. Ribault finally organized his fleet in the summer of 1565, ultimately departing from France with 800 new settlers and five ships. He arrived in Florida on August 28, just as the despairing Laudonnière was preparing to sail home. Ribault promptly relieved Laudonnière as governor and assumed command of Fort Caroline.^[2]

In the meantime, the Spanish, who had long maintained a claim over Florida, had made preparations to find and oust the French from Fort Caroline. In early September Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, newly appointed adelantado of Florida, landed to the south of Fort Caroline and established the settlement of St. Augustine.

Disaster

A few days after Ribault's arrival off the Florida coast, a Spanish fleet commanded by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés came over the horizon and attempted to grapple and board the Frenchmen. Rough sea conditions denied a decisive outcome to both sides. The Spanish admiral ordered his ships south, where some 800 troops and settlers from Spain disembarked on August 28, 1565. They hastily threw up palm-log and earthworks around an existing Timucua Indian village at what is today St. Augustine, Florida expecting an attack from Ribault. Jean Ribault took his fleet south to pursue Menéndez on September 10. Learning that the majority of the French men at arms were gone from Fort Caroline, Menéndez ordered his infantrymen to march 40 miles north to Fort Caroline, during a hurricane. On 20 September, the Spanish captured the now lightly defended French settlement; 140 men were immediately put to death. In the eyes of the king of Spain, the acts of piracy committed by former residents of Fort Caroline made the entire settlement a dangerous nest of pirates and heretics. Only about 60 women and children were spared. René Laudonnière and about 40 others escaped the wrath of the Spaniards, and eventually returned to Europe to tell their tales.

The same hurricane that masked the approach of Menéndez's troops on Fort Caroline, utterly destroyed all of Ribault's fleet, driving them up on the beach many miles south of their intended target. Several hundred soldiers and sailors made it ashore barely alive and then walked from near present-day Daytona Beach to Matanzas Inlet, 14 miles south of St. Augustine. The marooned sailors were soon tracked down by Menéndez and a patrol force of Spanish troops, probably under a hundred men. Ribault, believing his hungry men would be fed and decently treated, allowed himself to be bluffed into surrender. In batches of ten, the Frenchmen were rowed across to the mainland, hands tied behind their backs. Following the explicit orders of King Philip II of Spain, the prisoners were asked if they were professing Catholics. Those who were not were marched behind a dune and put to the knife by Menéndez's Spanish soldiers. Only a handful of Catholics, young musicians and ship's boys were spared their lives. A similar surrender and mass execution of a smaller group of Frenchmen followed a few days later. This time, a few Frenchmen, suspicious of their enemies, preferred to take their chances with the native Americans. Altogether, Ribault and about 350 of his officers and men lost their lives in the two massacres. The location of this event still carries today the name Matanzas, which is Spanish for "massacres." Menéndez had brilliantly but horrifically carried out his orders to wipe out the French incursion.

In 1568 French pirate Dominique de Gourgues avenged Ribault. He attacked Spanish-held Fort Caroline, secured the garrison's surrender and then put all his prisoners to death.^[3]

Legacy

Several places and institutions in Jacksonville are named for Ribault, such as Jean Ribault High School, the Ribault Club on Fort George Island, and a tributary of the Trout River, the Ribault River. In 2005 Ribault was featured in the "Conquest of the Southeast" episode of The History Channel's documentary miniseries Conquest of America.

The Six Flags Over Georgia theme park featured a riverboat ride attraction known as Jean Ribault's Adventure, which included animatronic-type vignettes depicting the many dangers faced by early explorers of the southeastern U.S.. After years as a park staple, the attraction was eventually closed and replaced with the park's Thunder River water ride.

Notes

References

• Morison, S. E. (1971), The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages AD 500-1600, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-501377-8 .
• Tebeau, Charlton W. (1971), A History of Florida, Coral Cables: University of Miami Press, pp. 29–30, ISBN 0-87024-149-4 .

External links

• University of South Carolina: Santa Elena Project
• Charlesfort-Santa Elena National Historic Landmark
•  "Ribaut, Jean". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900 
•  "Ribault, Jean". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.