Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale

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Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
Born Jarnail Singh
(1947-02-12)12 February 1947
Rode, Moga District, Punjab (British India)
Died 6 June 1984(1984-06-06) (aged 37)
Amritsar, Punjab, India
Citizenship India
Occupation Head of Damdami Taksal
Religion Sikhism
Spouse(s) Pritam Kaur
Children Ishar Singh and Inderjit Singh[1]
Parents Joginder Singh and Nihal Kaur
Awards Martyr (by Akal Takht)[2]

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (Punjabi: ਜਰਨੈਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਭਿੰਡਰਾਂਵਾਲੇ [dʒəɾnɛl sɪ́ŋɡ pɪ̀ɳɖɾɑ̃ʋɑɭe], born Jarnail Singh [3] (Punjabi: ਜਰਨੈਲ ਸਿੰਘ)) (12 February 1947 – 6 June 1984) was the leader of the Damdami Taksal (a Sikh religious group) and political revolutionary and is notable for his support of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution.[4][5][6][7] He called for a return to what is considered to be the "pure" roots of Sikhism. He advocated against the consumption of liquor, drugs and laxness in religious practices, such as the cutting of Kesh by Sikh youth.[8] He strongly condemned the Indian constitution's Article 25 declaring minorities such as Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists as part of Hinduism.

In August 1982, Bhindranwale and the Akali Dal launched the Dharam Yudh Morcha (battle for righteousness), with its stated aims being the fulfillment of a list of demands based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. Thousands of people joined the movement in the hopes of acquiring a larger share of irrigation water and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.[9]

Bhindranwale has been noted for strongly opposing prime minister Indira Gandhi for alleged policies against Punjab during Dharam Yudh Morcha (battle for righteousness). Later that year she ordered the attack on Golden Temple, Sikhism's most sacred shrine, in Amritsar on the martyrdom day of Sikh's 5th Guru, Guru Arjan when the complex was full with innocent pilgrims. Since his death, Bhindranwale has remained a controversial figure in Indian history. While the Sikhs' highest temporal authority Akal Takht describe him a great martyr of the Sikh Nation, who made supreme sacrifice for the sake of faith, the Indian government views him as an extremist.[2]

Although Bhindranwale has often been associated with the Khalistan movement, he neither opposed nor supported the formation of Khalistan:[10][11] in an interview, he stated that "we like to live together, we like to live in India", but did not object to the state's hypothetical creation.[11][12] However, he did consider Sikhs as "a distinct nation".[13][14]

Early life

Bhindranwale was born in the village of Rode, in Moga District located in the region of Malwa (Punjab). The Grandson of Sardar Harnam Singh Brar, His father, Joginder Singh Brar, was a farmer and a local Sikh leader and his mother was Nihal Kaur.[1] Jarnail Singh was the seventh of seven brothers and one sister. He was brought up as a strict vegetarian.[15] In 1965, he was enrolled by his father at the Damdami Taksal, a religious school, near Moga, Punjab, then headed by Gurbachan Singh Khalsa.[1] After a one year course in Sikh studies he returned to farming again. He continued his studies under Kartar Singh, who was the new head of the Taksal. He quickly became the favourite student of Kartar Singh.[16] Kartar Singh was fatally injured in a car accident and nominated Bhindranwale as his successor, in preference to his son Amrik Singh. Amrik Singh later became close associate of Bhindranwale.[17]

He married Pritam Kaur, the daughter of Sucha Singh of Bilaspur.[1] The couple had two sons, Ishar and Inderjit Singh, in 1971 and 1975, respectively.[1] Pritam Kaur died of heart ailment at age 60, on 15 September 2007 in Jalandhar.[18]

Rise to popularity

The Logo of the Damdami Taksal, reads 'the Shabd is forged in the True mint' in Punjabi (Gurmukhi).

In Punjab, Bhindranwale went from village to village as a missionary and asked people to live according to the rules and tenets of Sikhism. He preached to disaffected young Sikhs, encouraging them to return to the path of Khalsa by giving up vices like pornography[citation needed], adultery, drugs, alcohol and tobacco which had crept in as a result of prosperity that the green revolution ushered in (Vandana Shiva: The violence of the Green revolution).[19] His focus on fighting for the Sikh cause made appealed to many young Sikhs. Due to his religious background as a preacher and head of the most prestigious Sikh school of learning (Damdami Taksal), his followers formally called him Bhindranwale Mahapurkh, which meant "The Great Spiritual Man from Bhindran". Bhindranwale became the new leader of the Damdami Taksal when Kartar Singh Khalsa, the successor to Gurbachan Singh Khalsa, who died in a road accident on 16 August 1977, nominated Bhindranwale.[1] Bhindranwale was formally elected at a bhog ceremony at Mehta Chowk on 25 August 1977.[1]

The audio and video archives of his speeches would reveal a very common saying of his "Sikhs are a distinct nation."[13] or "Sikh ik vakhri qaum hai." and he never was reported to have demanded for a nation-state but Bhindranwale is widely perceived to be a supporter of the creation of a Sikh majority state of Khalistan. In a BBC interview, he stated that if the government agreed to the creation of such a state, he would not refuse. Other quotes attributed to Bhindranwale on Khalistan include "we are not in favour of Khalistan nor are we against it". Responding to the formation of Khalistan he is quoted as saying, "I don't oppose it nor do I support it. We are silent. However, one thing is definite that if this time the Queen of India does give it to us, we shall certainly take it. We won't reject it. We shall not repeat the mistake of 1946. As yet, we do not ask for it. It is Indira Gandhi's business and not mine, nor Longowal's, nor of any other of our leaders. It is Indira's business. Indira should tell us whether she wants to keep us in Hindustan or not. We like to live together, we like to live in India."[11] To which he added, "if the Indian Government invaded the Darbar Sahib complex, the foundation for an independent Sikh state will have been laid."[20] The BBC reported that he was daring law enforcement to react to his actions of fortifying the Golden Temple in order to bolster support.[21]

Role in the militancy

On 13 April 1978, a group of Amritdhari Sikhs of Akhand Kirtani Jatha went to protest against Nirankaris. The resulting violence led to the death of thirteen of demonstrators. The death of the protesters disturbed many Sikhs. The Nirankari leader, Gurbachan Singh was even escorted to the safety of his home in Delhi by the Punjab police. When a criminal case was filed against him, the Baba had his case transferred to neighbouring Haryana state, where he was acquitted the following year. The Punjab government Chief Minister Prakash Singh Badal decided not to appeal the decision.[22] Among Sikhs there was a great frustration at this perceived sacrilege and the legal immunity of the perpetrators. This gave rise to new organizational expressions of Sikh aspirations outside the Akali party. It also created an unfortunate sentiment amongst some that if the government and judiciary would not prosecute perceived enemies of Sikhism, taking extrajudical measures could be justified.[23] The chief proponents of this attitude were the Babbar Khalsa founded by the widow, Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, whose husband Fauja Singh had been at the head of the march in Amritsar; the Damdami Taksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who had also been in Amritsar on the day of the outrage; the Dal Khalsa, formed with the object of demanding a sovereign Sikh state; and the All India Sikh Students Federation, which was banned by the government.

When the Nirankari Baba was himself shot to death on 24 April 1980, Bhindranwale openly celebrated the development, which put him under suspicion. The FIR named nearly twenty people involved in the murder, most of whom had ties to Bhindranwale.[24] A member of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Ranjit Singh, surrendered and admitted to the assassination three years later, and was sentenced to serve thirteen years at the Tihar Jail in Delhi.

Lala Jagat Narain, the editor of a widely circulated paper in which he had campaigned against Punjabi being adopted as a medium of instruction in Hindu schools, urged Hindus of Punjab to reply to government census that Hindi and not Punjabi was their mother tongue and decried the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. He had also been present at the clash between the Nirankaris and the Akhand Kirtani Jatha.[25] Jarnail Singh had often spoken against him, so his involvement was suspected when the well-known editor was found murdered on 9 September 1981. Two days after the assassination, police issued warrants for the arrest of Bhindranwale. A police search in Chando Kalan, a Haryana village, failed to produce an arrest. Upon seeing this, Bhidranwale publicly announced that he would surrender on 20 September.[26] On 20 September 1981, Bhindranwale surrendered to the police at a function held in a Gurudwara Gurdarshan Parkash.[27] Over the next twenty-five days while Bhindranwale was held in custody, sporadic fights erupted in areas where Bhindranwale's accomplices had gathered. Bhindranwale was released on bail on 15 October as India's Home Minister, Giani Zail Singh announced in the Parliament that there was no evidence against Bhindrawale.[28] He left the Ferozepur jail a hero.[29]

Sanctuary in the Golden Temple

Main article: Operation Blue Star
Harcharan Singh Longowal, a prominent Sikh politician, and Bhindranwale worked together for the implementation of Anandpur Sahib Resolution but later became a great rival of Bhindranwale.

The law and order situation started to deteriorate. While the Akalis pressed on with their two-pronged strategy of negotiations and massive campaigns of civil disobedience directed at the Central Government, others were not so enamoured of nonviolence. Communists known as “Naxalites”, armed Sikh groups – the “Babbar Khalsa” and “Dal Khalsa (International)”, criminal gangs and the police clashed, and sometimes worked hand in hand. A covert government group known as the Third Agency was also engaged in dividing and destabilising the Sikh movement through the use of undercover officers, paid informants and agents provocateurs.[30] Bhindranwale himself always kept a revolver and wore a cartridge belt[31][32]; he encouraged his followers to be armed.[33]

In July 1982, Longowal invited Jarnail Singh Bindranwale to take up residence at the Golden Temple compound. He called Bhindrawale “our stave to beat the government.”[34] Bhindranwale subsequently took shelter with a large group of his armed followers, in the Guru Nanak Niwas (Guest house), in the precincts of the Golden Temple.[15]

In late July 1983, finding an increasing number of his followers arrested day by day, Bhindranwale left his base in Chowk Mehta for the Golden Temple to start a peaceful campaign for their release there. Also from there, he joined his campaign to the Akali campaign for their political, economic, cultural, and religious demands.[35] In the chaos of Punjab, Bhindranwale developed a reputation as a man of principle who could settle people's problems about land, property or any other matter without needless formality or delay. The judgement would be accepted by both parties and carried out. This added to his popularity.[36]

On 15 December 1983, finding himself in danger of being arrested for threats he had made against some nationalist organizations, Jarnail Singh and his entourage moved to the holy Akal Takhat over the objections of Giani Kirpal Singh, the head priest of the place. However, the facts reveal that Bhindranwale used his political connection with Gurcharan Singh Tohra, president of the Gurdwara committee and the man responsible for keeping the peace in the Golden Temple complex, to overrule the head priest.[37] He fortified the temple with heavy machine-guns and sophisticated self-loading rifles were brought in.[24][38][39] Mark Tully and Satish Jacob wrote, "All terrorists were known by name to the shopkeepers and the householders who live in the narrow alleys surrounding the Golden Temple... the Punjab police must have known who they were also, but they made no attempt to arrest them. By this time Bhindranwale and his men were above the law."[40] However, Ranbhir Sandhu states that Bhindranwale presented himself, along with over 50 of his supporters, at the Deputy Commissioner's residence on the day he moved to the Darbar Sahib complex: therefore, his purpose in moving there was not hide from the law.[41] Gurdev Singh, District Magistrate at Amritsar till shortly before the invasion is on record as having assured the Governor of the state that he could arrest anyone in Darbar Sahib at any time.[42]

Death

On 3 June 1984 Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi initiated Operation Blue Star and ordered the Indian Army to raid the Golden Temple complex to remove armed militants from the complex. Bhindranwale did not survive the operation.[43][44]

According to Lieutenant General Kuldip Singh Brar, who commanded the operation, the body of Bhindranwale was identified by a number of agencies, including the police, the Intelligence Bureau and militants in the Army's custody.[43] Bhindranwale's brother is also reported to have identified Bhindranwale's body.[45] Pictures of what appear to be Bhindranwale's body have been published in at least two widely circulated books, Tragedy of Punjab: Operation Bluestar and After and Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle. BBC correspondent Mark Tully also reported seeing Bhindranwale's body during his funeral.

People who maintain that he survived the operation include Dilbir Singh, the Public Relations Advisor at Guru Nanak Dev University.[44] He stated that Bhindranwale was injured on the right side of his temple. He stated, "a government doctor verified he was captured alive. He was tortured to death."[46][47] R.K. Bajaj, a correspondent for Surya magazine, claimed to have seen a photograph of Bhindranwale in custody.[48] This claim is strongly contested, especially by Bhindranwale's son who has now become a prominent figure within Sikh politics. Some within the Damdami Taksal claimed he is still alive and well. Thus he is supposed to come back and reactivate the fight for freedom from Indian oppression and finish the Dharam Yudh Morcha.[44][49]

Legacy

Cynthia Keppley Mahmood wrote in Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With Sikh Militants that Bhindranwale never learned English but mastered Punjabi. He was adept at television, radio and press interviews.[50] Keppley further stated that "those who knew him personally uniformly report his general likability and ready humour as well his dedication to Sikhism".[50] The author further states that "Largely responsible for launching Sikh militancy, he is valorized by militants and demonised by enemies and the accounts from the two divergent sources seem to refer to two completely different persons."[50]

Though journalist Khushwant Singh believed himself to be on Bhindranwale's hit list, he allowed that the Sikh preacher-become-activist genuinely made no distinction between higher and lower castes, and that he had restored thousands of drunken or doped Sikh men, inured to pornonographic films, to their families,[51] and that Operation Blue Star had given the movement for Khalistan its first martyr in Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale.[52] In 2003, at a function arranged by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, Joginder Singh Vedanti, former jathedar of the Akal Takht made a formal declaration that Bhindranwale was a "martyr" and awarded his son, Ishar Singh, a robe of honour.[53] Harbans Singh's The Encyclopedia of Sikhism describes Bhindranwale as "a phenomenal figure of modern Sikhism."[54] Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer regarded Bhindranwale as someone who revived the glory of the Sikh nation and "ushered a movement for religious and spiritual values".[55] Well-known Indian weekly 'Outlook' listed Bhinderawale among the villains in its special issue of 'India at 60' mentioning, "He ordered killings of Hindus as well as of Sikhs who opposed him. The nightmare lingered even after he died in Operation Bluestar in June 1984.".[56] Senior journalist Hartosh Bal called Bhinderawala a "terrorist, who thought nothing of using violence to terrorise and kill his opponents, whether Sikhs or Hindus, a man who never enjoyed popular support within the Sikh community."[57] According to another well known journalist Chandan Mitra, "Bhindranwale brought out the worst in us. He was gone by the mid-1980s, but his legacy lived long enough to damage the fabric of India's evolving nationhood."[58]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Singh, Sandeep. "Saint Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (1947–1984)". Sikh-history.com. Retrieved 2007-03-18. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Akal Takht declares Bhindranwale 'martyr'
  3. ↑ Singh, Sandeep. "Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (1947)". Sikh-history.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-18
  4. ↑ "Bhindranwale firm on Anandpur move". The Hindustan Times. 5 September 1983. 
  5. ↑ "Bhindranwale, not for Khalistan". The Hindustan Times. 13 November 1982. 
  6. ↑ "Sikhs not for secession: Bhindranwale". The Tribune. 28 February 1984. 
  7. ↑ Joshi, Chand (1985). Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. p. 129. ISBN 0-7069-2694-3. 
  8. ↑ Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia by Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah (1996). University of California Press. Page 143-144. ISBN 978-0-520-20642-7.
  9. ↑ Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai (1 January 1991). Expanding Governmental Lawlessness and Organized Struggles. Popular Prakashan. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-81-7154-529-2. 
  10. ↑ Globalization and Religious nationalism in India: The Search for Ontological Security by Catarina Kinnvall. Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-13570-7. Page 119
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Sandhu (1999), p. LVI.
  12. ↑ Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's last battle by Mark Tully. Pan in association with Cape, 1986. ISBN 978-0-330-29434-8.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Paul Spickard, Race and Nation, ethnic systems in the modern world, A Race Apart? The paradox of Sikh ethnicity and Nationalism, Taylor and Francis Group Press, 1996, pp. 299–319
  14. ↑ Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Singh, Tavleen (14 January 2002). "An India Today-100 People Who Shaped India". India Today. Retrieved 2006-10-28. 
  16. ↑ Deol, Harnik (2000). Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 0-415-20108-X. 
  17. ↑ Tully, p. 54
  18. ↑ "Bhindranwale's widow dead". The Tribune. 16 September 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-19. 
  19. ↑ Kashmeri, Zuhair; Brian McAndrew (2005). "Section 3". Soft target: the real story behind the Air India disaster. James Lorimer & Company. p. 40. ISBN 1-55028-904-7. 
  20. ↑ Sandhu (1999), p. LVII.
  21. ↑ "Player – 1984: Troops raid Golden Temple". BBC News. 6 June 1984. Retrieved 2009-08-09. 
  22. ↑ Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, pp. 58–60; Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, p. 739.
  23. ↑ Singh (1999), pp. 365–66.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Sandhu, Ranbir S. (May 1997). "Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale – Life, Mission, and Martyrdom" (PDF). Sikh Educational and Religious Foundation. Retrieved 2008-03-10. 
  25. ↑ Jalandhri, Surjeet (1984). Bhindranwale. Jalandhar: Punjab Pocket Books. p. 25. 
  26. ↑ Chowla, K.S. (2003-10-18). "Tributes to a peacemaker". The Tribune. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 
  27. ↑ Jalandhri, Surjeet (1984). Bhindranwale Sant. Jalandhar: Punjab Pocket Books. p. 53. 
  28. ↑ Tully, p. 69.
  29. ↑ Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, pp. 742–44.
  30. ↑ Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, pp. 755–56; Zuhair Kashmiri and Brian McAndrew, Soft Target: How the Indian Intelligence Service Penetrated Canada, Toronto, James Lorimer and Company, 1989, pp. 93, 130; Singh (1999), p. 366-67, 373, 398.
  31. ↑ http://www.neverforget84.com/gallery/Sant-Jarnail-Singh-2/Sant-Jarnail-Singh-013.jpg.html
  32. ↑ http://www.google.co.in/imgres?start=117&sa=X&biw=1366&bih=674&tbm=isch&tbnid=wESYTurmaCLbzM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neverforget84.com%2F&docid=q8We2WzXN3pvsM&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neverforget84.com%2Fgallery%2Falbums%2FSant-Jarnail-Singh-2%2FSant-Jarnail-Singh-051.jpg&w=549&h=350&ei=JMLZUqf0K8G4rAeHpIDQCg&zoom=1&ved=0CFMQhBwwGjhk&iact=rc&dur=488&page=6&ndsp=24
  33. ↑ Singh (1999), pp. 380–81, 387–88.
  34. ↑ Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 337.
  35. ↑ J.S. Grewal, "The Sikhs of Punjab", The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge, 1998, p. 222.
  36. ↑ Khushwant Singh, “The Genesis,” The Punjab Crisis: Challenge and Response, Abida Samiuddin, ed., Delhi, K.M. Mittal, 1985, p. 98; Lt. Gen. J.S. Aurora, “If Khalistan Comes – The Sikhs will be the Losers”, Punjab – The Fatal Miscalculation: Perspectives on Unprincipled Politics, eds. Patwant Singh and Harji Malik, New Delhi, Patwant Singh, 1984, p. 140.
  37. ↑ Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 339–40; Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, p. 753.
  38. ↑ Mark Tully, Satish Jacob (1985). Amritsar; Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle. London. pp. 58–9
  39. ↑ Joyce Pettigrew: The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerrilla Violence, Zed Books Ltd., London, U.K. 1995
  40. ↑ Tully, p. 94.
  41. ↑ SANT JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE – LIFE, MISSION, AND MARTYRDOM, Ranbhir S. Sandhu, p. 47
  42. ↑ Gurdev Singh, Letter addressed to I.K. Gujral, dated 26 January 1996, published in Abstract of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh, October–December 1996, pp. 106–111.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Brar, K. S. (1993). Operation Blue Star: The True Story. New Delhi: UBS Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 81-85944-29-6. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Kaur, Naunidhi (2001-06-23). "The enigma of Bhindranwale". Frontline. Retrieved 2007-03-17. 
  45. ↑ Akbar, M. J. (1996). India: The Siege Within: Challenges to a Nation's Unity. New Delhi: UBS Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 81-7476-076-8. 
  46. ↑ Pettigrew, Joyce (1995). The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerrilla Violence. London: Zed Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 1-85649-355-5. 
  47. ↑ Pettigrew (1995), p. 51.
  48. ↑ Jaijee, Inderjit Singh (1999). Politics of Genocide: Punjab (1984–1998). New Delhi: Ajanta Publications. p. 59. ISBN 81-202-0415-8. 
  49. ↑ Lamba, Puneet Singh (2004-06-06). "Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: Five Myths". The Sikh Times. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Keppley, Cynthia (1997). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-8122-1592-3. 
  51. ↑ Khushwant Singh, “I Felt I Should Reaffirm My Identity as a Sikh,” The Punjab Crisis: Challenge and Response, Abida Samiuddin, ed., Delhi, K.M. Mittal, 1985, p. 320; Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 329–30.
  52. ↑ Singh (1999), p. 378.
  53. ↑ "Takht accepts Bhindranwale's death". The Tribune. 6 June 2003. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 
  54. ↑ Singh, Harbans, ed. (1996). The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Patiala, India: Punjabi University. Vol. 2, p. 352. ISBN 81-7380-530-X. 
  55. ↑ Dr Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY IN 10 VOLUMES, The Sikh University Press, Belgium, 2012, vol 9, p. 263
  56. ↑
  57. ↑
  58. ↑

Bibliography

  • Sandhu, Ranbir Singh, "Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale" (Dublin, Ohio: Sikh Educational & Religious Foundation, 1999
  • Singh, Sangat (1999) The Sikhs in History, New Delhi, Uncommon Books
  • Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (2011) Sikh History in 10 volumes (vol. 7, 9), Waremme, Sikh University Press
  • Tully, Mark; Satish Jacob (1985). Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-02328-4. 

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