James Wharram

James Wharram 1947 and 1993

James Wharram (born 15 May 1928 in Manchester, England) is a multihull pioneer and designer of catamarans.

In 1953, after long studies into the records of boats of the Pacific in the libraries and museums of Britain, he designed and built the first British ocean-going double-canoe/catamaran, the TANGAROA (length 23'6" / 7.2 m), which meant the beginning of cruising and transatlantic crossing with a catamaran. He was also inspired by Eric de Bisschop’s book ‘The voyage of the Kaimiloa’.

In 1955-56 James Wharram, with the help of two German women (Jutta Shultze-Rohnhof and Ruth Merseburger, who was a part of the James Wharram Design team until she died on 4 September 2013), sailed TANGAROA across the Atlantic to Trinidad.

No scholars in the Western world at this time believed that the Polynesians had boats capable of directed ocean voyages. James believed otherwise and set out to prove it by doing it himself. He followed this first Atlantic crossing by building a 40’, V-eed hull double canoe, RONGO, in Trinidad in 1957/8 and sailing her across the North Atlantic in 1959 from New York to Ireland. This was the first West-to-East crossing of the Atlantic by catamaran/multihull.

Since these first pioneering voyages, James, from 1973 assisted by his co-designer Hanneke Boon, has been designing Polynesian style catamarans for people to build themselves, to bring the concept of seaworthy, ocean going double canoes to the Western yachting public, meeting a lot of resistance from the British yachting establishment on the way, particularly in the early years, when people still could not accept that a ‘native’ boat could be as good or better a sailing ship than a Western type yacht, particularly when such a craft was self-built by an ‘amateur’. After more than 50 years they are now an accepted feature in the world of yachting/ocean sailing and can be seen in most harbours of the world.

In 1987-92 James and his partners built a new flagship, the 63-foot catamaran SPIRIT OF GAIA, which they sailed into the Pacific and round the world, to study Indo-Pacific canoe-craft (1994–98).

In 2008-9 James Wharram and Hanneke Boon conceived the Lapita Voyage expedition, sailing two double canoes based on traditional Polynesian hullform, from the Philippines to Tikopia and Anuta in the Solomon Islands. The ‘Lapita Voyage’^[1] was a major expedition in Experimental Marine Archaeology. It was the first exploration of one possible migration route into the Central Pacific by Ethnic sailing craft. This voyage was comparable to Thor Heyerdahl’s voyage of the Kon-Tiki with which he attempted to prove the Polynesians migrated into the Pacific from South America (since proven incorrect). The two boats were donated to the remote Polynesian islands for future transport use.

James and Hanneke are at present involved with designing sailing double canoes for use in remote Pacific islands to help with the increasing transport problems.

James Wharram is considered the ‘father’ of multihulls in many countries, and has been referred to as a ‘Living legend’.

Wharram Catamaran Designs

Wharram designs are inspired by Polynesian double canoes and typically have an open deck, with small deckpod(s) for crew shelter. James Wharram combined boat building with studies of Polynesian culture. Most modern catamarans are built as a single rigid structure thereby sustaining greater forces and stresses in waves, whereas on Wharrams the separate hulls are connected to the crossbeams with (synthetic) rope lashings, in true Polynesian style. The flexibility of the Wharram system makes the boats suffer less stress in ocean waves.^[2] The rig on Wharrams since the early 1980s is the 'Wharram Wingsail Rig',^[3] an appropriate tech squareheaded rig with low turbulence pocket round the mast and a short adjustable gaff at the head. The advantages of this rig are simplicity, low turbulence and the fact that it can be lowered in a following wind at any time. The Centre of effort on all Wharram rigs is kept low, giving them very good stability. No full-size Wharram has been known to have capsized.^[4]

Many of the cabin interiors are designed to flexy-space principles, the concept being multi-purpose space on a human scale, in which less is more and the simpler the construction, the better. The slim Vee-shaped hulls have a very good speed/length ratio and all have canoe sterns, giving minimum drag, even when loaded. The v-eed hullshape requires no keels or boards to sail to windward, giving hulls with little draft and easy beachability. Wharram also keeps freeboards low for minimum windage.^[5] All designs are designed for self-building in ply/epoxy/glass.

Wharram stands for a philosophy of "Sea People". Wharram plans are drawn in a way that anyone can build a reliable transatlantic catamaran. The professional plans are based on years of practical boatbuilding and sailing experience of the designers, and therefor easier to build than amateur self-drawn boats. Wharrams are inexpensive, stable, seaworthy and easy to handle.

Pahi 63, Wharram self built catamaran

Tiki 26, Wharram self built catamaran at Usedom

Pahi 63, Self built catamaran

Memberships

• 1967 – today: British Marine Industries Federation (BMIF).
• 1968 – today: Polynesian Catamaran Association (PCA). Founder member.
• 1968 – 1975 Multihull Offshore Cruising and Racing Association (MOCRA). Founder committee member.
• 1968 – 1978 Little Ship Club.
• 1973 – today: Royal Yachting Association (RYA), private member.
• 1977 – 1991 Committee member of the RYA Cruising Committee
• 1992 – today: Andean Explorer’s Club. Honorary member.
• 1996 – today: Roskilde Vikingship Museum friends.
• 2000 – today: Cruising Association. Overseas member.
• 2005 – today: Association of Yachting Historians.
• 2009 – today: Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

Participation in conferences

• World Multihull Symposium, 1976, Toronto, Canada.
• History and Problems of Design of Modern Multihulls. 1977. Fifth Symposium on Developments of Interest to Yacht Architecture, HISWA, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• Cruising Multihulls, 1978, RYA Cruising Symposium.
• Multis are more Traditional than deep-Keel Yachts. 1980. Multihull Symposium, Plymouth, UK.
• Appropriate Technology in catamaran Design and construction.1988. European Multihull Symposium, Netherlands.
• An Analysis of Self-Built Catamarans in the overall Development of Cruising Catamarans. 1989. MOCRA International Symposium, Exeter, UK.
• The Gaia Project, 1990. Second Dolphin and Whale Conference, Australia.
• The Spirit of Gaia, 1992. Third Dolphin and Whale Conference, Hawaii.
• European Double Hulled Canoes and The Archaeology of Viking Ships, 1996. Waka Moana Symposium, Auckland, New Zealand.
• Yacht Building and Yacht Charter in Indonesia, 2001, ITS Small Craft and Design Conference, Surabaya, Indonesia.
• The Pacific Migrations by Canoe Form Craft, 2003, ISBSA10 Roskilde, Denmark.
• ‘Lapita Voyage - recreating the migration route of the proto Polynesians’, 2008, ‘Early Man and the Ocean’ Conference, Norwegisches Maritimes Museum & Kontiki Museum, Oslo.

Further publications

• Ocean-going catamarans. 1962. Ciba Technical Notes 231, Cambridge, UK
• Tehini. October 1970, Yachting Monthly, UK. Seminal article on Design approach.
• The Stable Multihull. 1976. (Researched for 1st World Multihull Symposium, Toronto.)
• The Sailing Community. 1978, Wooden Boat, USA, Prize-winning proposal for ‘Waterborne International Communities’.
• Catamaran Stability – Figures, Facts and Fictions. 1991. Practical Boat Owner, UK. Also published in several other countries.
• Nomads of the Wind. October 1994. Practical Boat Owner, UK. Analysis of the sailing qualities of the Polynesian Double Canoe.
• Going Dutch: The Tiki Wing Sail Rig. 1998, Practical Boat Owner, UK. Also published in several other countries, incl. Australia, Holland and France.
• Lessons from the Stone Age Sailors, A Study of Canoe Form Craft in the Pacific and Indian Ocean.
• ‘Vikings go Home’, November 2008. Classic Boat, UK. (Article about voyage of the 100 ft Vikingship reconstruction ‘Seastallion’ from Dublin to Denmark).

References

External links

• James Wharram Designs
• Multihull-maven offers specs and descriptions of all Wharram Designs
• Lapita Voyage, Migration of the Polynesians reenacted
• Epoxy as construction material for boats (here by Westsystems)
• Self build catamaran community
• Self build catamaran community
• Cornwall Information - Photos news and Information from Cornwall March 2008