James Clark McReynolds

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James Clark McReynolds
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
In office
August 29, 1914[1] – January 31, 1941
Nominated by Woodrow Wilson
Preceded by Horace Harmon Lurton
Succeeded by James F. Byrnes
Personal details
Born (1862-02-03)February 3, 1862
Elkton, Kentucky, U.S.
Died August 24, 1946(1946-08-24) (aged 84)
Washington, D.C.
Political party Democratic Party
Alma mater Vanderbilt University
University of Virginia School of Law
Religion Disciples of Christ [2]

James Clark McReynolds (February 3, 1862 – August 24, 1946) was an American lawyer and judge who served as United States Attorney General under President Woodrow Wilson and as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He served on the Court from October 12, 1914 to his retirement on January 31, 1941, and was known for his conservative opinions opposing much of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal legislation.

Early life

Born in Elkton, Kentucky, the son of Dr. John Oliver and Ellen (née Reeves) McReynolds. His parents were both members of the fundamentalist Campbellite sect of the Disciples of Christ Church. He graduated from the prestigious Green River Academy[upper-alpha 1] and later matriculated at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, graduating with status as a valedictorian in 1882. At the University of Virginia School of Law, Professor John B. Minor – "a man of stern morality and firm conservative convictions" – profoundly influenced McReynolds.[3] McReynolds received his law degree in 1884.

He was secretary to Senator Howell Edmunds Jackson, who later became an associate justice himself. McReynolds practiced law in Nashville and served for three years as an Adjunct professor of Commercial Law, Insurance, and Corporations at Vanderbilt University Law School,[3][4] and ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1896[4] as a "Goldbug" Democrat.[upper-alpha 2] Under Theodore Roosevelt he was Assistant Attorney General from 1903 to 1907, when he resigned to take up private practice in New York City.

Attorney General and Supreme Court tenure

Attorney General McReynolds (ca. 1913)

While in private practice, he was retained by the Government in matters relating to enforcement of antitrust laws, particularly in proceedings against the "Tobacco trust" (see United States v. American Tobacco Co., 221 U.S. 106 (1911))[5][6] and the combination of the anthracite coal railroads.[7]

On March 15, 1913, McReynolds was appointed the 48th United States Attorney General by President Wilson, where he remained until August 29, 1914. During his time in private practice, McReynolds earned a reputation as an ardent 'trust buster'[7][8] and continued working against trusts during his time as the US Attorney General.[7][8][9] In spite of his views on corporate monopolies, McReynolds was also very supportive of laissez-faire economic policies[10] and Wilson found him difficult to work with.[3][9][11][12]

On August 19, 1914, Wilson appointed him to the Supreme Court, to a seat vacated by Horace H. Lurton. McReynolds was confirmed by the United States Senate and received his commission the same day, starting with the new term on October 12, 1914. However, it was also accepted that Wilson only appointed McReynolds to the Supreme Court because he did not want to work with him anymore.[9][upper-alpha 3]

When the Supreme Court Building opened in 1935, McReynolds, like most of the other Justices, refused to move his office from his apartment into the new building but continued to work out of the office he maintained at his apartment.[citation needed]

Important opinions

In his 27 years on the bench, he authored 503 decisions.[13][14]

His opinions were concise.

His fierce opposition in the face of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal legislation to fight the Great Depression led to his being labeled one of the "Four Horsemen", along with George Sutherland, Willis Van Devanter and Pierce Butler.[11] McReynolds voted to strike down: the Tennessee Valley Authority in Ashwander v. TVA; the National Industrial Recovery Act in Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States, 1935; the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 in United States v. Butler; the Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935 in Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 1936; and the Social Security Act 42 U.S.C.A. § 301 et seq. in Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548, 57 S. Ct. 883, 81 L. Ed. 1279 (1937).[3] He continued to vote against New Deal measures after the Court's 1937 "switch" to upholding New Deal legislation. Professor Howard Ball called McReynolds "the most strident Court critic of Roosevelt's New Deal programs".[15]

As a confirmed opponent of federal authority aimed toward social ends or economic regulation, he had the "single-minded passion of a zealot".[3] McReynolds was a "firm believer in laissez-faire economic theory" which he said was constitutionally enshrined.[3] See Lochner v New York. After the Lochner era ended in 1937— the Court's "switch in time that saved nine"— McReynolds became a dissenter.[12] Unrepentant after the court's about face through his 1941 retirement his dissents would decry the federal government's exercises of power. In Steward Machine Co. v. Davis 301 U.S. 548 (1937) he dissented from a decision of the Court upholding the Social Security Act. He wrote: “I can not find any authority in the Constitution for making the Federal Government the great almoner of public charity throughout the United States” (p. 603).[3]

McReynolds's Supreme Court nomination
Supreme Court's official portrait of James Clark McReynolds, ca 1941
Justice McReynolds wrote two early decisions using the Fourteenth Amendment to protect civil liberties: Meyer v. Nebraska 262 U.S. 390 (1923), and Pierce v. Society of Sisters 268 U.S. 510 (1925). Meyer involved a state law that prohibited the teaching of modern foreign languages in public schools. Meyer, who taught German in a Lutheran school, was convicted under this law. McReynolds wrote that the liberty guaranteed by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment included an individual's right "to contract, to engage in any of the common occupations of life, to acquire useful knowledge, to marry, to establish a home and bring up children, to worship God according to the dictates of his conscience, and generally to enjoy privileges, essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men". These two decisions survived the post Lochner era.[12]

Pierce involved a challenge to a law forbidding parents to send their children to any but public schools. Justice McReynolds wrote the opinion for a unanimous Court, holding that the Act violated the liberty of parents to direct the education of their children. McReynolds wrote that "the fundamental liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only". These decisions were revived long after McReynolds departed from the bench, to buttress the Court's announcement of a constitutional right to privacy in Griswold v. Connecticut 381 U.S. 479 (1965), and later the constitutional right to abortion in Roe v. Wade 410 U.S. 113 (1973).

McReynolds authored the decision in United States v. Miller 307 U.S. 174 (1939), which was the only Supreme Court case that directly involved the Second Amendment until District of Columbia v. Heller in 2008.[14] Text of United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174 (1939) is available from:  Findlaw  [http://supreme.justia.com/us/307/174/case.html. Justia]  In the field of tax law, McReynolds wrote for the Court in Burnet v. Logan, 283 U.S. 404 (1931), a significant decision setting out the Court's doctrine regarding "open transactions".

McReynolds also wrote the dissent in the Gold Clause Cases, which required the surrender of all gold coins, gold bullion, and gold certificates to the government by May 1, 1933 under Executive Order 6102, issued by President Franklin Roosevelt.

Personality and conflicts

McReynolds was labeled "Scrooge" by journalist Drew Pearson.[upper-alpha 4] Chief Justice William Howard Taft thought him selfish, prejudiced, "and someone who seems to delight in making others uncomfortable ... [H]e has a continual grouch, and is always offended because the court is doing something that he regards as undignified".[16][17] Taft also wrote that McReynolds was the most irresponsible member of the Court, and that "[i]n the absence of McReynolds everything went smoothly."[18]

Early on, his temperament affected his performance in the court.[11] For example, he deemed John Clarke, another Wilson appointee to the court, to be "too liberal" and refused to speak with him.[11] Clarke made an early decision to leave the Court, and McReynolds's antipathy was a factor.[19] Indeed, McReynolds refused to sign the customary joint memorial letter given to departing members.[20] In a letter, Taft commented that "[t]his is a fair sample of McReynolds's personal character and the difficulty of getting along with him."[21]

Justice McReynolds, February 3, 1940.

Taft wrote that although he considered McReynolds an "able man", he found him to be "selfish to the last degree... fuller of prejudice than any man I have ever known ... one who delights in making others uncomfortable. He has no sense of duty ... really seems to have less of a loyal spirit to the Court than anybody".[22] Addicted to vacations, in 1929 McReynolds asked Taft to announce opinions assigned to him (McReynolds), explaining that "an imperious voice has called me out of town. I don't think my sudden illness will prove fatal, but strange things some time [sic] happen around Thanksgiving".[23] Duck hunting season had opened and McReynolds was off to Maryland for some shooting. In 1925, he left so suddenly on a similar errand that he had no opportunity to notify the Chief Justice of his departure. Taft was infuriated as two important decisions he wanted to deliver were delayed because McReynolds had not handed in a dissent before leaving.[24]

He would go into tirades about "un-Americans" and "political subversives."[3]

McReynolds would not accept "Jews, drinkers, blacks, women, smokers, married or engaged individuals as law clerks".[25] A blatant anti-Semite,[11][upper-alpha 5][26] Time "called him 'Puritanical', 'intolerably rude', 'savagely sarcastic', 'incredibly reactionary', and 'anti-Semitic'".[27][28][29] McReynolds refused to speak to Louis Brandeis, the first Jew on the Court, for three years following Brandeis's appointment and, when Brandeis retired in 1939, did not sign the customary dedicatory letter sent to justices on their retirement.[28][30] He habitually left the conference room whenever Brandeis spoke.[28] When Benjamin Cardozo's appointment was being pressed on President Herbert C. Hoover, McReynolds joined with fellow justices Pierce Butler and Willis Van Devanter in urging the White House not to "afflict the Court with another Jew".[31] When news of Cardozo's appointment was announced, McReynolds is claimed to have said "Huh, it seems that the only way you can get on the Supreme Court these days is to be either the son of a criminal or a Jew, or both."[32][33] During Cardozo's swearing-in ceremony, McReynolds pointedly read a newspaper,[34] and would often hold a brief or record in front of his face when Cardozo delivered an opinion from the bench.[35] Likewise, he refused to sign opinions authored by Brandeis.[9]

According to John Frush Knox (1907–1997), McReynolds's law clerk from 1936–37, and the author of a memoir of his service, McReynolds never spoke to Cardozo at all.[25] McReynolds even absented himself from the memorial ceremonies held at the Supreme Court in honor of Cardozo.[36][37][38] He did not attend Felix Frankfurter's swearing-in, exclaiming "My God, another Jew on the Court!".[39]

In 1922, Taft proposed that members of the Court accompany him to Philadelphia on a ceremonial occasion, but McReynolds refused to go, writing: "As you know, I am not always to be found when there is a Hebrew abroad. Therefore, my 'inability' to attend must not surprise you."[40] McReynolds refused to sit next to Brandeis (where he belonged on the basis of seniority) for the Court photograph in 1924. "The difficulty is with me and me alone," McReynolds wrote Taft. "I have absolutely refused to go through the bore of picture-taking again until there is a change in the Court, and maybe not even then."[41] Taft capitulated, and no photograph was taken that year.[12][42]

Once, when another colleague, Harlan Fiske Stone, remarked to him of an attorney's brief: "That was the dullest argument I ever heard in my life", McReynolds replied: "The only duller thing I can think of is to hear you read one of your opinions."[43]

McReynolds's rudeness was not confined to colleagues on the Court. Once, when called before the chairman of the Golf Committee at the Chevy Chase club after complaints were filed against him, McReynolds said: "I've been a member of this club a good many years, and no one around here has ever shown me any courtesy, so I don't intend to show any to anyone else." The indignant chairman replied: "Mr Justice, you wouldn't be a member of this club if it wasn't for your official position. The members of this club have put up with your discourtesy for years, merely because you are a member of the Supreme Court. But I'm telling you now that the next time there is a complaint against you, you'll be suspended from the privileges of the golf course."[44] Justices Pierce Butler and Willis Van Devanter transferred from the Chevy Chase club to Burning Tree because McReynolds "got disagreeable even beyond their endurance".[45]

When a woman lawyer appeared in the courtroom, McReynolds would reportedly mutter: "I see the female is here again." He would often leave the bench when a woman lawyer rose to present a case.[28] He thought the wearing of wrist watches by men to be effeminate, and the use of red fingernail polish by women to be vulgar.[46]

He forbade smoking in his presence. He is said to have been responsible for the "No Smoking" signs in the Supreme Court building, which was inaugurated during his tenure.[47] He would announce to any Justice who attempted to smoke in Conference that "tobacco smoke is personally objectionable to me". Any who tried "were stopped at the threshold".[48]

However, he was reportedly "extremely charitable" to the pages who worked at the Court,[49] and had a great love of children.[3] For example, he gave very generous assistance and adopted thirty-three children who were victims of the German bombing of London in 1940, and left a sizable fortune to charity.[28][50] When Oliver Wendell Holmes's wife died, McReynolds broke down and wept at her funeral.[51] Holmes wrote in 1926: "Poor McReynolds is, I think, a man of feeling and of more secret kindliness than he would get credit for."[52] He would often entertain at his apartment, and even passed cigarettes to his guests on occasion.[53] He often invited people for brunch on Sunday mornings. According to William O. Douglas, "On these informal occasions in his own home he was the essence of hospitality and a very delightful companion".[54] Once, when riding to his office on a street car, a drunk got on board and fell out in the aisle. McReynolds picked him up, helped him back to his seat, and sat beside him until they reached the top of Capitol Hill, leaving him only after giving explicit instructions to the conductor.[55] And when due to absence of more senior justices it fell on him to preside in court, "he was the soul of courtesy, graciously greeting and raptly listening to the arguments by lawyers of both sexes".[28]

Retirement and death

After a substantial hearing loss, he assumed senior status on January 31, 1941, effectively resigning from the court. He lived at the Rochambeau apartment complex in Washington, D.C. until his death on August 24, 1946, aged 84. His length of service was 26 years, 3 months, 19 days.[11]

McReynolds never married,[3][12] which places him in the company of four other justices in the Court's history. [upper-alpha 6]

Legacy

McReynolds was buried in the Elkton Cemetery in Elkton, Kentucky.[56] Elkton residents fondly remember Justice McReynolds, pointing out both his home and office "with great pride and respect".[57]

One of McReynolds' law clerks wrote "... in 1946 he [McReynolds] died a very lonely death in a hospital – without a single friend or relative at his bedside. He was buried in Kentucky, but no member of the Court attended his funeral though one employee of the Court travelled to Kentucky for the services." In contrast, as the clerk noted, when McReynolds's aged African-American messenger, Harry Parker, died in 1953, his funeral was attended by five or six Justices, including the Chief Justice.

McReynolds bequeathed his entire estate to charity.[3][28][58]

Papers

McReynolds' papers are held at many libraries around the country, namely: mainly at the University of Virginia Law School in Charlottesville, Virginia;[59] Harvard University Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Felix Frankfurter papers; John Knox papers (1920–80), available at the University of Virginia and Northwestern University; University of Kentucky at Lexington, Kentucky, William Jennings Price (1851–1952) papers; University of Michigan Bentley Historical Library at Ann Arbor, Michigan, Frank Murphy papers; Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota Pierce Butler papers; Tennessee State Library and Archives in Nashville, Tennessee, Robert Boyte Crawford Howell papers;University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Homer Stille Cummings papers[60][61]

See also

Bibliography

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Originally called Green River Female Academy, the Academy renamed itself and began admitting both men and women after the Civil War. Smith, Megan (Summer 2006). "Supreme Court Associate Justice James Clark McReynolds (1862-1946): Principled Defender of the Federal Constitution" (PDF). The Upsilonian (Upsilon Sigma Phi) 17: 1. Retrieved 2010-11-17. 
  2. ↑ See Free Silver.
  3. ↑ Michael Ariens states: "A possibly apocryphal story is that Wilson did not think much of McReynolds's work at the Department of Justice, but instead of firing him, decided to rid himself of McReynolds by nominating him to the Supreme Court in 1914. If true, Wilson's decision had terrifically adverse consequences for the United States." Ariens, Michael (2002–2005). "James Clark McReynolds". Michael Ariens website. Retrieved March 19, 2012. 
  4. ↑ This is the title of the chapter dedicated to McReynolds. Pearson, Drew; Allen, Robert S. (1936). The Nine Old Men. New York, New York: Doubleday, Doran, and Company, Inc. 
  5. ↑ "[McReynolds] was a headache. He would not speak to Brandeis, was clearly anti-Semitic, and was a disruptive force." Taft, Charles P.; Swindler, William F., editor. My Father the Chief Justice Yearbook 1977. The Supreme Court Historical Society. p. 8. 
  6. ↑ See Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States.

References

  1. ↑ "James Clark McReynolds". Federal Judicial Center. 2009-12-12. Retrieved 2009-12-12. 
  2. ↑ "Religious Affiliation of the U.S. Supreme Court". Retrieved March 19, 2012. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Hall, Kermit L. (2005). "McReynolds, James Clark". The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved March 20, 2012. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "James C. McReynolds". Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved March 21, 2012. 
  5. ↑ "United States vs. American Tobacco, 221 U.S. 106, syllabus". Justia.com. 1911. Retrieved March 20, 2012. 
  6. ↑ "United States vs. American Tobacco, 221 U.S. 106 full text opinion". Justia.com. 1911. Retrieved March 20, 2012. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "James Clark McReynolds, Attorney General". Department of Justice. Retrieved March 20, 2012. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bush, Cornelia. "James Clark McReynolds". footnote.com. Retrieved March 21, 2012. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Fox, John. "James Clark McReynolds". Capitalism and Conflict— Supreme Court History, Law, Power & Personality, Biographies of the Robes. Public Broadcasting System. Retrieved March 19, 2012. 
  10. ↑ www.infoplease.com?ce6/people/A0831041.html
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 "James C. McReynolds". Oyez Project Official Supreme Court media. Chicago Kent College of Law. Retrieved March 20, 2012. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Ariens, Michael (2002–2005). "James Clark McReynolds". Michael Ariens website. Retrieved March 19, 2012. 
  13. ↑ Friedman, Leon, editor; Israel, Fred, editor (1969). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court 1789-1969. Chelsea House Publishers in association with Bowker. p. 2026. ISBN 0-8352-0217-8.  ISBN 978-0-8352-0217-6.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lucas, Roy (2004). "The Forgotten Justice James Clark McReynolds & The Neglected First, Second & Fourteenth Amendments". Washington, D.C. Retrieved March 21, 2012. 
  15. ↑ Ball, Howard (2006). Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior. Oxford University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-19-507814-4. 
  16. ↑ Letter from Taft to Horace Taft, December 26, 1924; quoted in Pringle, Henry F. (1939). The Life and Times of William Howard Taft. A Biography 2. New York, NY: Farrack and Rinehart, Inc. p. 971. 
  17. ↑ Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. (1960). The Politics of Upheaval 3. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 456. 
  18. ↑ Letter from Taft to Helen Taft Manning, June 11, 1923, quoted in Mason, Alpheus Thomas (1964). William Howard Taft: Chief Justice. London: Oldbourne. p. 215. 
  19. ↑ Bickel, Alexander C.; Schmidt, Benno C., Jr. (1985). "The Judiciary and Responsible Government 1910-21". History of the Supreme Court of the United States (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company) 8: 413. 
  20. ↑ Warner, Hoyt Landon (1959). The Life of Mr. Justice Clarke. Cleveland, Ohio: Western Reserve University Press. p. 115. 
  21. ↑ Letter from Taft to R.A. Taft, October 26, 1922, quoted in Mason, op. cit., p. 217
  22. ↑ Letter from William Howard Taft to Helen Taft Manning, June 11, 1923; Mason op. cit., pp. 215–216
  23. ↑ Letter from J.C. McReynolds to Taft, November 23, 1929, quoted in Mason, op. cit., p. 216
  24. ↑ Letter from William Howard Taft to R.A. Taft, February 1, 1925, quoted in Mason, op. cit., p. 216
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Abraham, Henry J. (1999). Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton (New and Revised Edition ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 133–135. 
  26. ↑ According to Burner, David; Friedman, Leon, ed.; Israel, Fred L., ed. (1969). "James C. McReynolds". The Justices of the United States Supreme Court 1789-1969. Their Lives and Major Opinions (New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers). ISBN 8352-0217-8 Check |isbn= value (help). 
  27. ↑ David Burner, op. cit., p. 2024
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 Baker, Liva (1991). The Justice from Beacon Hill: the Life and Times of Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York, NY: Harper Collins, Publishers. p. 465. ISBN 0-06-016629-0. 
  29. ↑ Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 543. 
  30. ↑ Baker, Leonard (1984). Brandeis and Frankfurter: A Dual Biography. New York, NY: Harper Collins, Publishers. p. 370. ISBN 0-06-015245-1. 
  31. ↑ Quoted in Pearson and Allen, op. cit., p. 225
  32. ↑ Pearson and Allen, op. cit., p. 225
  33. ↑ Kaufman, Andrew L. (1998). Cardozo. Harvard University Press. p. 480. ISBN 0-674-09645-2. 
  34. ↑ Pearson and Allen, op. cit., p. 225
  35. ↑ Andrew Kaufman, op. cit., p. 480; attributed to Paul A. Freund at a talk delivered before the Harvard Law School Forum, March 7, 1977, from Kaufman's notes.
  36. ↑ Atkinson, David (1999). Leaving the Bench: Supreme Court Justices at the End. University Press of Kansas. p. 111. ISBN 0-7006-1058-8.  ISBN 978-0-7006-1058-7.
  37. ↑ Leonard Baker, op. cit., p. 357
  38. ↑ Andrew Kaufman, op. cit., p. 480
  39. ↑ Abraham, Henry Julian (2008). Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II. p. 140. 
  40. ↑ Letter from McReynolds to Taft, ca. February 1922, quoted in Mason, op. cit., pp. 216–217
  41. ↑ Letter from McReynolds to Taft, ca. March 1924, quoted in Mason, op. cit., p. 217
  42. ↑ Letter from Taft to McReynolds, March 28, 1924, quoted in Mason, op. cit., p. 217
  43. ↑ David Burner, op. cit., p. 2024
  44. ↑ Pearson and Allen, op. cit., p. 226
  45. ↑ Pearson and Allen, op. cit., p. 131
  46. ↑ David Burner, op. cit., p. 2024
  47. ↑ David Burner, op. cit., pp. 2023–2024
  48. ↑ Douglas, William O. (1980). The Court Years 1939-1975. The Autobiography of William O. Douglas. New York, NY: Random House. p. 13. ISBN 0-394-49240-4. 
  49. ↑ William O. Douglas, op. cit., p. 13
  50. ↑ David Burner, op. cit., p. 2024
  51. ↑ Pearson and Allen, op. cit., p. 226
  52. ↑ David Burner, op. cit., p. 2024
  53. ↑ William O. Douglas, op. cit., p. 13
  54. ↑ William O. Douglas, op. cit., p. 14
  55. ↑ Pearson and Allen, op. cit., pp. 226–227
  56. ↑ James Clark McReynolds at Find a Grave.
  57. ↑ Christensen, George A. (1983). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices". Journal of the Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 3, 2005.  at Wayback machine.
  58. ↑ David Burner, op. cit., p. 2024
  59. ↑ "Inventory of the Papers of Justice James Clark McReynolds 1819-1967". Collection Number Mss 85-1, A Collection in The Arthur J. Morris Law Library, Special Collections. University of Virginia. Retrieved March 19, 2012. 
  60. ↑ Location of Papers, 6th Circuit United States Court of Appeals.
  61. ↑ Federal Judicial Center, James Clark McReynolds Resources.

Works about James Clark McReynolds

  • Bond, James Edward, 1992. I dissent: the legacy of Chief [sic] Justice James Clark McReynolds. Lanham, MD: George Mason University Press. Distributed by arrangement with University Pub. Associates (The designation "Chief Justice" in the title is an error.)
  • Knox, John, 1984, "A Personal Recollection of Justice Cardozo", Supreme Court Historical Society Quarterly 6
  • Knox, John, 2002. The forgotten memoir of John Knox: a year in the life of a Supreme Court clerk in FDR's Washington. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-44862-6; ISBN 0-226-44862-2.

Sources

Further reading

  • "McReynolds, James Clark," Dictionary of American Biography.
  • "McReynolds, James Clark," American National Biography.
  • Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary. Detroit: Gale Research, 1976.
  • Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L, eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4. 
  • Jones, Calvin P. (1983). "Kentucky's Irascible Conservative: Supreme Court Justice James Clark McReynolds". Filson History Quarterly (PDF) 57: 20–30. 
  • Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1. 

External links

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Legal offices
Preceded by
George W. Wickersham		 U.S. Attorney General
Served under: Woodrow Wilson
1913–1914 		Succeeded by
Thomas W. Gregory
Preceded by
Horace Harmon Lurton		 Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1914 – 1941 		Succeeded by
James F. Byrnes
Cabinet of President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
Vice President
Secretary of State
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of War
Attorney General
Postmaster General
  • Albert S. Burleson (1913–1921)
Secretary of the Navy
Secretary of the Interior
Secretary of Agriculture
Secretary of Commerce
Secretary of Labor
 
Supreme Court of the United States
The White Court
Chief Justice: Edward Douglass White (1910–1921)
1914–1916:

J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | C.E. Hughes | W. Van Devanter | J.R. Lamar | M. Pitney | J.C. McReynolds

1916–1921:

J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | W. Van Devanter | M. Pitney | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | J. H. Clarke

The Taft Court
Chief Justice: William Howard Taft (1921–1930)
1921–1922:

J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | W. Van Devanter | M. Pitney | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | J.H. Clarke

1922:

J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | Wm. R. Day | W. Van Devanter | M. Pitney | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | Geo. Sutherland

1923–1925:

J. McKenna | O.W. Holmes | W. Van Devanter | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | Geo. Sutherland | P. Butler | E.T. Sanford

1925–1930:

O.W. Holmes | W. Van Devanter | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | Geo. Sutherland | P. Butler | E.T. Sanford | H.F. Stone

The Hughes Court
Chief Justice: Charles Evans Hughes (1930–1941)
Feb–Mar 1930:

O.W. Holmes | W. Van Devanter | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | Geo. Sutherland | P. Butler | E.T. Sanford | H.F. Stone

Jun 1930–1932:

O.W. Holmes | W. Van Devanter | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | Geo. Sutherland | P. Butler | H.F. Stone | O.J. Roberts

1932–1937:

W. Van Devanter | J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | Geo. Sutherland | P. Butler | H.F. Stone | O.J. Roberts | B.N. Cardozo

1937–1938:

J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | Geo. Sutherland | P. Butler | H.F. Stone | O.J. Roberts | B.N. Cardozo | H. Black

1938:

J.C. McReynolds | L.D. Brandeis | P. Butler | H.F. Stone | O.J. Roberts | B.N. Cardozo | H. Black | S.F. Reed

1939:

J.C. McReynolds | P. Butler | H.F. Stone | O.J. Roberts | H. Black | S.F. Reed | F. Frankfurter | Wm. O. Douglas

1940–1941:

J.C. McReynolds | H.F. Stone | O.J. Roberts | H. Black | S.F. Reed | F. Frankfurter | Wm. O. Douglas | F. Murphy
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