Izbica Ghetto

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Izbica Ghetto
Transit camp
Izbica Ghetto
Izbica location south-east of Lublin near Belzec
during World War II
Izbica Ghetto
Location of former Izbica Ghetto in modern Poland
Coordinates: 50°53′N 23°10′E / 50.883°N 23.167°E / 50.883; 23.167

The Izbica ghetto was a Jewish ghetto created by Nazi Germany in Izbica in occupied Poland during World War II, serving as a transfer point for deportation of Jews from Poland, Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia to Belzec and Sobibor extermination camps.[1] The ghetto was created in 1941, although the first transports of Jews from German Reich started arriving there already in 1940. Izbica was the largest transit ghetto in the Lublin reservation territory, with death rate almost equal to that of the Warsaw ghetto. SS-Hauptsturmführer Kurt Engels, known for his exceptional cruelty, served as its only commandant.[2]

Further information: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland

Ghetto operation

The Jews who lived in Izbica were kept separate from the new arrivals. They were housed on the other side of the railroad tracks. Also, the Jews shipped in from Germany and Austria were differentiated from Polish Jews by the color of the obligatory star of David signs—yellow for German and blue for Polish Jews. In order to make space for the incoming transports, 2,200 local Jews were sent to the Belzec Death Camp on March 24, 1942. Between March and May 1942, approximately 12,000 to 15,000 Jews were transported to Izbica from across Europe as part of Operation Reinhard; among them engineers, doctors, economists, army generals and professors from Vienna, Hague, Heidelberg and Breslau, including the vice-president of Prague.[3] They were housed in a few wooden barracks which could accommodate about half of the prisoners, pressed against each other like sardines. The rest were forced to subsist outdoors. Jews stayed in the barracks usually for no more than four days, with almost nothing to eat. Many victims succumbed to typhus due to poor sanitary conditions in the ghetto.[2] The foreigners, many of whom were proficient in German, had an easier time identifying with their Nazi oppressors than the Polish Jews from inside the ghetto. Denunciations were commonplace.[4]

Already in the early phase of the ghetto, the Nazis destroyed the local Jewish cemetery and the tombstones were desecrated and used to build walls of a prison. Besides being sent to the extermination camps, approximately 4,500 Jews were murdered by Germans at the cemetery. The Jewish cemetery in Izbica is being reconstructed by the Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland.[5]

The transit ghetto in Izbica was closed on November 2, 1942. A second, smaller ghetto was set up in its place for about 1,000 local Jews. It was dismantled on April 28, 1943 with all remaining inmates sent to Sobibor Death Camp. Of all the Jewish citizens of Izbica (over 90% of its pre-war population), only 14 survived the Holocaust.[3][4]

Notes

  1. ↑ Thomas Toivi Blatt, Sobibor - The Forgotten Revolt. Selected material compiled on the basis of books by the same author: Sobibor - The Forgotten Revolt and From The Ashes of Sobibor. Accessed April 12, 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Izbica. History". Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. pp. 3 of 6. Retrieved April 12, 2012. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Izbica - a story of a place by Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland. PDF file: 1,437 KB. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 (Polish) Getta tranzytowe w dystrykcie lubelskim (Transit ghettos in Lublin district). Pamięć Miejsca. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  5. ↑ Izbica Jewish Cemetery Commemoration Project. Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland. Retrieved April 12, 2012.

References

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