Italian name

A name in Italian consists of a given name (nome) and a surname (cognome). Surnames are normally written after given names. In official documents, the surname may be written before given names. In speech, the use of given name before family name is standard in an educated style, but, due to bureaucratic influence, also the opposite is pretty common.

Italian names are not entirely equivalent to ancient Latin ones, for instance, the Italian nome is not analogous to the ancient Roman nomen, since the former is the given name (distinct between siblings) while the latter the family name (inherited, thus shared by all siblings).

Given names

Many Italian male given names end in -o but can also end in -e (for example Achille, Aimone, Alceste, Alcide, Amilcare, Amintore, Annibale, Aristotele, Astorre, Baldassare, Beppe, Carmine, Cesare, Clemente, Daniele, Dante, Davide, Emanuele, Ercole, Ettore, Felice, Gabriele, Gaspare, Gastone, Gentile, Giosuè, Giuseppe, Leone, Melchiorre, Michele, Oddone, Ottone, Pasquale, Raffaele, Salomone, Salvatore, Samuele, Scipione, Simone, Ulisse, Vitale, Vittore), in -i (for example Dionigi, Gianni, Giovanni, Luigi, Nanni, Neri, Ranieri) and in -a (for example Andrea, Battista, Elia, Enea, Evangelista, Luca, Mattia or Nicola). Some names, usually of foreign origin, end with a consonant, such as Christian/Cristian, Igor, Ivan, Loris, Oscar, and Walter/Valter.

Female names end in -a but can also end in -e, as is the case with Adelaide, Adele, Agnese, Alice, Beatrice, Berenice, Geltrude, Irene, Matilde and Rachele for example, in -i (for example Noemi), or even with a consonant (e.g. Nives, Ester).

A few names end with an accented vowel, for instance Niccolò and Giosuè.

Almost every base name can have a diminutive form ending with -ino/-ina or -etto/etta as in Paolino/Paoletto and Paolina/Paoletta from Paolo and Paola, -ello/-ella, as in Donatello/Donatella from Donato and Donata, or -uccio/-uccia, as in Guiduccio from Guido. The forms -uzzo/-uzza, as in Santuzza from Santa, are typical of Sicilian language.

The most common names are:^[1][2]

• For males: Marco, Giuseppe, Antonio, Luca, Alessandro, Giovanni, Roberto, Andrea, Stefano, Francesco, Mario, Luigi.
• For females: Anna, Maria, Sara, Laura, Valentina, Giulia, Rosa, Giuseppina, Angela, Giovanna.

Since the ancient Romans had a very limited stock of given names (praenomina), very few modern Italian given names (nomi) are derived directly from the classical ones. A rare example would be Marco (from Marcus). Some nomi were taken from classical clan names (nomina)—for their meanings or because they are euphonic, not necessarily because the nameholder is the descendant of the clan, such as Emilio/Emilia (from Aemilius), Valerio/Valeria (from Valerius), Claudio/Claudia (from Claudius), Orazio (from Horatius), and Fabio (from the cognomen Fabius), Flavio/Flavia (from Flavius).

Some given names have the prefix "Gian-" such as Gianluca and Gianfranco where "Gian" is short for Giovanni. Another prefix is "Pier-" (short for Pietro), as in Pierpaolo, Pierangelo, Pierantonio and so on.

Italian unisex names are very rare (e.g. Celeste), but the feminine name Maria is common as a masculine second name, as in Gianmaria, Carlo Maria, Anton Maria, etc.

Surnames

Italy and Italians have the largest collection of surnames (cognomi) of any ethnicity in the world, with over 350,000.^{[citation needed][3][4]} Men—except slaves—in ancient Rome always had hereditary surnames, i.e., nomen (clan name) and cognomen (side-clan name). However, the multi-name tradition was lost by the Middle Ages. Outside the aristocracy, where surnames were often patronymic or those of manors or fiefs, most Italians began to assume hereditary surnames around 1450. With the 1564 Council of Trento that registration of baptisms and marriages became mandatory in parishes.^[5]

Suffixes

A large number of Italian surnames end in i, due to the medieval Italian habit of identifying families by the name of the ancestors in the plural (which have an -i suffix in Italian). Most likely the surnames end in "i" due to the old Latin genitive. For instance, Filippo from the Ormanno family (gli Ormanni) would be called "signor Filippo degli Ormanni" ("Mr. Filippo of the Ormannos"). In time, the middle possessive portion ("of the") was dropped, but surnames became permanently pluralized and never referred to in the singular, even for a single person. Filippo Ormanno would therefore be known as Filippo Ormanni.^[6] Some families, however, opted to retain the possessive portion of their surnames, for instance Lorenzo de' Medici literally means "Lorenzo of the Medici" (de' is a contraction of dei, also meaning "of the"; c.f. The Medicis).

Some common suffixes indicate endearment (which may also become pluralized and receive an -i ending), for example:

• -ello/illo/etto/ino (diminutive "little"), e.g., Bernardello, Iannuccillo, Bortoletto, Bernardino
• -one (augmentative "big"), e.g., Mangione
• -accio/azzo/asso (pejorative^[7]), e.g., Boccaccio

Other endings are characteristic of certain regions:^[3]

• Veneto: -asso, -ato/ati, and consonants (l, n, r); -on: Bissacco, Zoccarato, Cavinato, Brombal, Meneghin, Perin, Vazzoler, Peron, Francescon, Zanon, Fanton, Pizzati
• Sicily: -aro, -isi and "osso": Cavallaro, Rosi, Rosso (Sicily, Piedmont and Veneto)
• Lombardy: -ago/ghi, -engo/enghi, -ate/ati/atti: Salmoiraghi, Bonati, Vernengo, Lambertenghi, Moratti, Orsatti
• Friuli: -otti/utti and -t: Bortolotti, Pascutti, Codutti, Rigonat
• Tuscany: -ai and -aci/ecci/ucci: Bollai, Balducci
• Sardinia: -u, -as and -is: Pusceddu, Piccinnu, Schirru, Marras, Argiolas, Floris, Melis, Abis
• Piedmont: -ero, -audi, -asco,-zzi: Ferrero, Rambaudi, Comaco, Bonazzi
• Calabria: -ace: Storace
• Campania: -iello: Borriello, Carniello

Origins

Like most other European surnames, patronymics are common. Originally they were indicated by a possessive, e.g., Francesco de Bernardo, meaning "Francis (the son) of Bernard". De Luca ("[son] of Luke") remains one of the most common Italian surnames. However, de ("of") was often dropped and suffixes added, hence de Bernardo evolved to be Bernardo and eventually pluralized as Bernardi (see Suffixes above).

The origin or residence of the family gave rise to many surnames, e.g.,

• habitat: Della Valle ("of the valley"), Montagna ("mountain"), Burroni ("ravines")
• specific placename: Romano ("Roman"), Puglisi/Pugliese ("Apulian"), Greco ("Greek"), da Vinci ("from Vinci")
• nearby landmarks: La Porta ("the gate"), Fontana ("fountain"), Torregrossa ("big tower"), D'Arco ("of the arch")

Ancestors' occupation was also a great source of surnames.

• Job title: Contadino ("farmer"), Tagliabue ("ox-cutter"), Passagero ("toll-collector")
• Objects (metonyms) associated with the vocation: Zappa ("hoe", farmer), Delle Fave ("of the beans", grocer), Martelli ("hammer", carpenter), Tenaglia ("pincer", smith), Farina ("flour", baker), Forni ("ovens", cook), Marin ("sea", fisherman)

Nicknames, referring to physical attributes or mannerism, also gave rise to some family names, e.g., Rossi (from rosso "redhead"), Basso ("short"), Caporaso ("shaved head"), Pappalardo ("lard-eater", originally an abusive nickname for who professed himself a devout person but ate meat and fat dishes in forbidden times),^[8] Rumore ("Noise"), and Barbagelata ("frozen beard").

Few family names are still in the original Latin e.g. Santorum, De Juliis, Canalis, or De Laurentiis reflecting that the family name has been preserved from Medieval Latin sources as a part of their business or household documentation or church records.

Articles

The traditional rule, and the common usage especially in Tuscany, is that, when referring to people by their surnames alone, the definite article should be used (il for most parts, lo before some consonants and consonant clusters, and l' before vowels).^[6] Mario Russo, therefore, is called il Russo ("the Russo"). Nowadays, some prefer to use the article only, or chiefly, with well-known people, or with historical surnames ("l'Ariosto", "il Manzoni", etc.)

Male given names are never preceded by an article, except in popular northern regional usage.

However, in Tuscany (and in northern Italy), females' given names are usually preceded by articles (la Maria, la Gianna), unless one is speaking of a personally unknown woman (such as Cleopatra, Maria Stuarda, with no article).^[9] This is also the traditional grammar rule.

Articles are also used (more often than with men) with the surnames of women: Gianni Rossi can be called il Rossi or (especially nowadays) simply Rossi, but Maria Bianchi is usually la Bianchi (also la Maria Bianchi).

Placing the surname before the name is considered uncorrect (except in bureaucratic usage), and is often stigmatized as a shibboleth of illiteracy.

Names that are derived from possessions of noble families normally never had articles preceding them such as Farnese (from a territorial holding) and Cornaro (from a bishopric). Articles were omitted for those surnames with an identifiable foreign origin (including Latin ones) such as Cicerone.^[6]

This practice somewhat resembles the Greek custom of placing definite articles before all names (see Greek names). This Greco-Italian practice even spread to French in the 17th century, especially in writings regarding figures in literature and painting such as le Poussin.^[6]

See also

• Family name#Italy
• List of most common surnames in Europe#Italy
• Pozzo Ardizzi

References

External links

• List of Female and Male Italian Names
• Italian Surnames: The Funny, Surprising, and Just Plain Weird
• La mappa dei cognomi: Enter an Italian surname to see its distribution