Isochromosome

An isochromosome is a chromosome that has lost one of its arms and replaced it with an exact copy of the other arm.^[1] This is sometimes seen in some females with Turner syndrome or in tumor cells. This may also cause an isochromosome to have two centromeres. 20% of the turner's syndrome results from having 1 normal X and another X which is an isochromosome for the long arm. (Tobias, 2011)

The chromosome arm is already copied during S phase of the cell cycle. During mitosis (or meiosis I or II), the sister chromatid sets line up along the midline in metaphase. The affected chromosome simply lines up at a right angle to its normal position, and as anaphase begins, the centromere is divided in the opposite plane from all the other chromosomes. This leaves the two long arms together and the two short arms together. The two new mirror-image chromosomes are pulled into opposite daughter cells. This produces two cells, each lacking one arm (e.g. the short arm) and containing an extra arm (e.g. the long arm) of the affected chromatid (or vice versa). It can also be formed by exchange involving one arm of a chromosome and its homolog (or sister chromatid) at the proximal edge of the arm,adjacent to the centromere.

If the chromosomal material contains imprinted genes, there will either be a deletion or duplication of the genetic material (genes on the arm lost are deleted, genes on the arm mirrored are duplicated).

Essential Medical Genetics by Edward S. Tobias, Michael Conner and Malcolm Ferguson-Smith, Wiley-Blackwell 2011