Azerbaijan (Iran)

Four provinces in Iranian Azerbaijan.

Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan (Persian: آذربایجان; Āzarbāijān‎; Azerbaijani: آذربایجان), also Iranian Azerbaijan, Persian Azarbaijan^[1] is a region in northwestern Iran. It is also historically known as Atropatene and Aturpatakan. The region is referred by some as South Azerbaijan or Southern Azerbaijan,^[2] however some scholars and sources view these terms as being irredentist and politically motivated.^[3][4][5]

Etymology and usage

Map showing Atropatene (Iranian Azerbaijan) below the Aras River. Region above the Aras River,currently Located in Azerbaijan republic, is labeled as Caucasian Albania (600 AD).

The name "Āzar" (Persian: آذر‎) means Fire and Baijan was originally known as "Pāyegān" (Persian: پایگان‎) meaning Guardian/Protector. (Āzar Pāyegān = "Guardians of Fire") (Persian: آذر پایگان‎). Such name roots back to the "Zoroastrianism" era of Iran; However, after the Arab invasion of Iran many Persian words lost their original form as in Arabic there are no letter for pronouncing "G / P / ZH / CH"; Hence "Azar Paigān" came to be known as Azarbaijan.

The name Azerbaijan itself is derived from Atropates,^[6] the Satrap (governor) of Medea in the Achaemenid empire, who ruled a region found in modern Iranian Azerbaijan called Atropatene. Atropates name is believed to be derived from the Old Persian roots meaning "protected by fire."^[7] The name is also mentioned in the Avestan Frawardin Yasht: âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide which translates literally to: We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atare-pata.^[8] َAccording to the Encyclopedia of Islam, the name of the province was pronounced as: In Middle Persian the name of the province was called Āturpātākān, older new-Persian Ādharbādhagān آذربادگان/آذرآبادگان, Ādharbāyagān, at present Āzerbāydjān/Āzarbāydjān, Greek ᾿Ατροπατήνη, Byzantine Greek ᾿Αδραβιγάνων, Armenian Atrpatakan, Syriac Adhorbāyghān.^[9] The name Atropat in Middle Persian was transformed to Adharbad and is connected with Zoroastrianism. A famous Zoroastrian priest by the name Adarbad Mahraspandan is well known for his counsels.^[10] Azerbaijan, due to its numerous fire-temples has also been quoted in a variety of historic sources as being the birthplace of the prophet Zoroaster although modern scholars have not yet reached an agreement on the location of his birth.^[11]

History

Caspian sea and Azerbaijan position on the left side of the map in the 10th century. Original map is in Ṣūrat al-’Arḍ (صورة الارض; "The face of the Earth") Ibn Hawqal (977) Beyrut) page 419

Ibn Hawqal’s map of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Arran (Albania), which shows their relative positions. Arran is north of the Arax and Kura rivers, while Azerbaijan is south of the Arax River. From Ibn Hawqal’s Surath ul-Ardh, BNF Paris, MS Arabe 2214, p. 58, 1145 AD.

Simplified Ibn Hawqal’s map

The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by Muhammad al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154. Azerbaijan in south west of Caspian sea

Pre-Islamic period

The oldest kingdom known in Iranian Azerbaijan is that of the Mannea who ruled a region southeast of Lake Urmia centered around modern Saqqez. The Manneans were a confederation of Iranian and non-Iranian groups. According to Professor Zadok:

it is unlikely that there was any ethnolinguistic unity in Mannea. Like other peoples of the Iranian plateau, the Manneans were subjected to an ever increasing Iranian (i.e., Indo-European) penetration.^[12]

The Mannaeans were conquered and absorbed by an Iranian people called Matieni, and the country was called Matiene, with Lake Urmia called Lake Matianus. Matiene was later conquered by the Medes and became a satrapy of the Median empire and then a sub-satrapy of the Median satrapy of the Persian Empire.^[13]

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, the Medes were an:

Indo-European people, related to the Persians, who entered northeastern Iran probably as early as the 17th century BC and settled in the plateau land that came to be known as Media.^[14]

After Alexander the Great conquered Persia, he appointed (328 BC) as governor the Persian general Atropates, who eventually established an independent dynasty. The region, which came to be known as Atropatene or Media Atropatene (after Atropates), was much disputed. In the 2nd century BC, it was liberated from Seleucid domination by Mithradates I of Arsacid dynasty, and was later made a province of the Sassanid Empire of Ardashir I. Under the Sassanids, Azerbaijan was ruled by a marzubān, and, towards the end of the period, belonged to the family of Farrokh Hormizd. Heraclius, the Byzantine emperor, briefly held the region in the 7th century until peace was made with the Sassanids. After the Islamic Conquest of Iran, Arab invaders converted most of its people to Islam and made it part of the caliphate.

Islamic period

Sasanian and early Islamic period

During the Arab invasion of Iran, the name of the Spahbed of Iran, was Rostam Farrokhzad, the son of Farrukh Hormizd, who was the son of Vinduyih, the uncle of Khosrau I and brother of the Sasanian usurper Vistahm. Rustam himself was born in Azerbaijan and led the Sasanian army into battle. He is also mentioned in the Shahnameh.

The Sasanian army was defeated at the battle of al-Qādisiyyah and Rostam Farrokhzad, along with many other Sasanian veterans was killed. In 642, Piruz Khosrow, one of the Sasanian survivors during the battle of al-Qādisiyyah, fought against the Muslims at Nahavand, which was a gateway to the provinces of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Caucasian Albania. The battle was fierce but the Sasanian troops lost during the battle. This opened the gateway for Muslims into Azerbaijan. The Muslims then invaded Azerbaijan, and captured Isfandiyar, the son of Farrukhzad. Isfandiyar then promised in return for the safety of his life he would agree to surrender his estates in Azerbaijan and aid the Muslims in defeating his brother, Bahram. Bahram was then defeated, and also sought for peace. A pact was drawn according to which Azerbaijan was surrendered to Caliph Umar on usual terms of paying the annual Jizya.

Muslims settled in Azerbaijan like many parts of Iran. According to the Iranian Azerbaijani historian Ahmad Kasravi, the Muslims also settled in Azerbaijan more numerously than other provinces due to its wide and green pastures. Local revolts against the Caliphate were common and the most famous of these revolts was the Persian Khurramite movement.

Abbasid and Seljuqids

After the revolt of Babak Khorramdin who was a Zoroastrian of neo-Mazdakite background, the grip of the Abbasid caliphate on Azerbaijan weakened, allowing native dynasties to rise in Azerbaijan. Later on Azerbaijan was taken by the Kurdish Daisam and the Sallarid Marzuban. After confrontations with the local Dailamite and Kurdish populations who had already established their own dynasties and emirates in vast areas of Azerbaijan, the Seljuks dominated the region in the 11th and early 12th centuries, at which point Turkification of the native populations began. In 1136, Azerbaijan fell to the lot of the Atabakan-e-Azerbaijan and Atabakan-e-Maragheh. It was later invaded by the Khwarizm Shah Jalal ad-din until the advent of the Mongol invasions.

Mongol and Turkmen Period

The Mongols under Hulagu Khan established their capital at Maragheh. The Safina-yi Tabriz is a book that describes the general intellectual condition of Tabriz during the Ilkhanid period. After being conquered by Timur in the 14th century, Tabriz became an important provincial capital of the Timurid empire. Later, Tabriz becamse the capital of the Qara Qoyunlu empire.

Safavid, Afghan interlude, Afshars and Qajar

It was out of Ardabil (ancient Artavilla) that the Safavid dynasty arose to renew the state of Persia and establish Shi'ism as the official religion of Iran. After 1502, Azerbaijan became the chief bulwark and military base of the Safavids. In the meantime, between 1514 and 1603, the Ottomans frequently occupied Tabriz and other parts of the province. The Safavid control was restored by Shah Abbas but during the Afghan invasion (1722–8) the Ottomans recaptured Azerbaijan and other western provinces of Iran, until Nader Shah expelled them. In the beginning of the reign of Karim Khan Zand, the Azad Khan Afghan unsuccessfully revolted in Azerbaijan and later the Dumbuli Kurds of khoy and other tribal chiefs ruled various parts of the territory . With the advent of the Qajars, Azerbaijan became the traditional residence of the heirs-apparent. At this time, the final northern frontier of Iran with Russia (along the Araxes) was established in 1828 (Turkmanchay Treaty). After 1905 the representatives of Azerbaijan were very active in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.

Modern Period

The Russian (Tsarist) army occupied Iranian Azerbaijan in 1909, and again in 1912–1914 and 1915–1918 period,the Ottoman forces occupied her in 1914–1915 and 1918–1919 periods, the Bolshevik forces occupied Iranian Azerbaijan and other parts of Iran in 1920–1921,^[15] and the Soviet forces occupied Iranian Azerbaijan in 1941, creating a very short-lived autonomous, Soviet-supported state from November 1945 to November 1946,^[16] which was dissolved after reunification of Iranian Azerbaijan with Iran in November of the same year. The history of Iran, especially its contemporary history has proven that Azerbaijani people are one of the most patriotic people in Iran. Iranian Nationalism is partly the product of Azerbaijani Intellectuals.^[17][18] Azerbaijani provinces have played a major in the cultural and economic life of Iran in both the Pahlavi era as well as the Iranian Constitutional and Islamic revolution.

Monuments

The Iranian provinces of Azerbaijan, both West and East, possess a large number of monuments from all periods of history.^[19]

Geography

Iranian Azerbaijan is generally considered the northwest portion of Iran comprising the provinces of East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, and Ardabil,^[20] Zanjan,^[21] and some parts of Hamadan^[22] and comprising an area of 122,871 square kilometres (47,441 sq mi). It shares borders with the Republic of Azerbaijan,^[23] Armenia, Turkey, and Iraq. There are 17 rivers and two lakes in the region. Cotton, nuts, textiles, tea, machinery, and electrical equipment are main industries. The northern, alpine region, which includes Lake Urmia, is mountainous, with deep valleys and fertile lowlands.

The region is bounded in the north by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan and in the West by Lake Urmia and Kurdish-inhabited areas of Iran, and in the East by the Talyshstan and Gilan.

Mountain

• Sabalan is an inactive stratovolcano in Ardabil province of northwestern Iran. It is the third highest mountain in Iran and has a permanent crater lake formed at its summit. Sabalan has a ski resort (Alvares) and different tourist areas such as the Sarein spa. The mountain is known for its beautiful vistas, including the Shirvan gorge, where few climbers ever venture. Elevation of Sabalan is 4,811 M.^[24]
• Sahand is a massive, heavily eroded stratovolcano in northwestern Iran. At 3,707 m (12,162 ft), it is the highest mountain in the Iranian province of East Azarbaijan.
• Eynali is a small mountain range in north of Tabriz, Iran. The range has a couple of peaks including Eynali (1800 m), Halileh (1850 m), Pakeh-chin (1945 m), Bahlul (1985 m) and the highest one Dand (2378 m).^[25]
• Mount Bozgush and Ağ Dağ is a 3,306 metres (10,846 ft)^[26] volcanic mountain 20 km (10 mi) south of Sarab and north of Mianeh, East Azarbaijan Province, Iran. Tulips are cultivated on the rich volcanic soil of Mount Bozgush, and medicinal herbs such as pennyroyal, thyme, borage, nettle and liquorice grow wild on the mountain's slopes. Mount Bozgush is a stratovolcano composed mostly of andesite.

River

Aras River near Joulfa

Important rivers in Azerbaijan include:

• basin Urmia Lake: Aji Chay, Quri Chay, Zarriné-Rūd, Gadar River etc.
• basin Caspian Sea: Qizil-uzan and Aras River (Zangmar River)

biosphere reserve

Mountains of Arasbaran

Arasbārān in the former Qaradagh, is a UNESCO registered biosphere reserve (since 1976) and an Iranian Dept. of Environment designated "Protected Area" in East Azarbaijan Province, Iran, with a varying altitude from 256m in the vicinity of Aras River to 2896m and covers an area of 78560 hectares. The biosphere is also home for 23,500 nomads who are living in transition buffer in 2000 altitude.^[27] Arasbaran is confined to Aras River in the north, Meshgin Shahr County and Moghan in the east, Sarab County in the south, and Tabriz and Marand counties in the west.

Lake

• Urmia Lake is a salt lake in northwestern Iran near Iran's border with Turkey. The lake is between the Iranian provinces of East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan, west of the southern portion of the similarly shaped Caspian Sea. It is the largest lake in the Middle East,^[28]
• Shorabil Lake is a lake located in a hilly area south of the Iranian city of Ardabil. Ardabil University is located near the lake.^[29][30]
• Gori Lake is a small fresh to brackish lake in the uplands of East Azarbaijan Province in northwestern Iran. Together with the adjacent reed marshes it is an important breeding area for waterfowl. A 1.2 km² site was designated as a Ramsar Convention wetland protection site on 23 June 1975.

Plain

Mugan plain is a plain in northwestern Iran and the southern part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The highest density of irrigation canals is in the section of the Mugan plain which lies in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is located on the bank of the Aras river extending to Iran. It contains highest density of irrigation canals is in the Mugan plain.^[31]

Politics

in Azerbaijan

in Assembly of Experts

84 people are members of Assembly of Experts, that 11 of them are representative of Azerbaijan region. Ali Meshkini from Meshgin Shahr^[32] in the Ardabil Province was Chairmen of the Assembly of Experts since 1983 to 2007.

• 5 representative of East Azerbaijan.
• 3 representative of West Azerbaijan.
• 2 representative of Ardabil Province.
• 1 representative of Zanjan Province.

in Islamic Consultative Assembly

290 person are members of Islamic Consultative Assembly, that 45 of them are representative of Azerbaijan region.

Electorate According to County

^[33]

in cabinet of Iran

• Mohammadreza Nematzadeh: Minister of Industries and Business^[34]
• Hamid Chitchian: Minister of Energy^[35]
• Ms. Shahindokht Molaverdi: vice president of Iran the section Women and Family Affairs.^[36][37]

Consulate

Country	Name	City	Province	Country	Name	City	Province
Turkey	Turkish Consulate in Tabriz[38]	Tabriz	East Azerbaijan	Turkey	Turkish Consulate in Urmia[39]	Urmia	West Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan	Republic of Azerbaijan Consulate in Tabriz[40]	Tabriz	East Azerbaijan

Military

Economy

Companies and industries

Industries include machine tools, vehicle factories, oil refinery, petrochemical complex, food processing, cement, textiles, electric equipment, and sugar milling. Oil and gas pipelines run through the region. Wool, carpets, and metal ware are also produced. In some factories and major companies in Azerbaijan include:

• Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company: is a tractor manufacturing company with headquarters in Tabriz.^[41] Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company is currently exporting 13 different products to ten countries.^[41] and has qualified for ISO 9001, and has also received rewards regarding quality and exporting.^[41]
• Goldstone Tires: operating under the brand Goldstone Tires is an Iranian tire manufacturer for automobiles, commercial trucks, light trucks, SUVs, race cars, airplanes, and heavy earth-mover machinery in Ardabil. Artawheel Tire is currently the largest non-government owned tire manufacturer in Iran by marketshare.^[42] The company currently has agreements with Iran Khodro to develop tires for the Peugeot 206 Models^[43]
• Rakhsh Khodro Diesel: is an Iranian truck manufacturer established in 2005 and located in Tabriz. This company is strategic partner of Kamaz of Russia, JAC and Jinbei of China and Maz-Man of Belarus and produces Kamaz trucks, JAC light trucks and its own designed minibus. Its headquarter is in Tabriz.
• Iran Khodro: is the leading Iranian vehicle manufacturer, with headquarters in Tehran.^[44] The company's original name was Iran National. In addition to Tehran, largest car factory in Iran have 5 automobile factories throughout the Iran. and "Iran Khodro - Tabriz" have produces capacity 61,000^[45] Bardo Pick-up^[46] in year.
• Tabriz International Exhibition Center: which is a complex with vast exhibition infrastructures, is located in the eastern part of Tabriz. It holds tens of exhibitions based on a yearly schedule. There are 46 exhibitions scheduled for the current Iranian year. The most famous fair is TEXPO, which is a general trade fair.
• Aras Free Zone: is situated in East Azarbaijan province, in the north-west of Iran, adjacent to Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan.^[47] Existence of the greenhouse town in the AFTZ, which has been built upon cooperation of Agricultural Jihad Ministry, has paved the ground for presence of investors in the arena of planting hydroponic products.^[47] The 500-megawatt combined cycle power plant project which is currently underway in AFTZ as a joint investment venture with foreign parties.^[47]
• and other major petrochemical companies, oil refineries and industries are including Machine works Company of Tabriz, Iranian Diesel Engine Manufacturing (IDEM), Tabriz Oil Refinery, Tabriz Petrochemical, Copper Mine Songon and etc.

Rug and Carpet

The Ardabil Carpet and Tabriz rug the best kind of Iranian carpet. Now 40 percent of Iranian carpet exports are carried through East Azarbaijan.^[48] Azerbaijani carpets and rugs are important:

• Ardabil Carpet: is either of a pair of two famous Iranian carpets in the collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.^[49]
• Tabriz rug is a type in the general category of Iranian carpets^[50][51][52] from the city of Tabriz, the capital city of East Azarbaijan Province in north west of Iran.
• Heriz rug are Persian rugs from the area of Heris, East Azerbaijan in northwest Iran, northeast of Tabriz. Such rugs are produced in the village of the same name in the slopes of Mount Sabalan.
• Ardabil rug originate from Ardabil located in the province of Ardabil Province in northwestern Iran, 639 kilometers from Tehran. Ardabil has a long and illustrious history of Azerbaijani carpet weaving. The reign of the Safavid Dynasty in the 16th and 17th centuries represented the peak of Azerbaijani carpet making in the region.
• Karadagh rug or Karaja rug handmade in or near the village of Qarājeh (Karaja), in the Qareh Dāgh (Karadagh) region of Iran just south of the Azerbaijan border, northeast of Tabrīz. The best-known pattern shows three geometric medallions that are somewhat similar to those in Caucasian carpets. The central one has a latch-hooked contour and differs in colour from the others, which are eight-pointed stars.^[53]

Agriculture

Grains, fruits, cotton, rice, nuts, and tobacco are the staple crops of the region.

Demographics

People

Iranian Azerbaijanis, a Turkic-speaking people of mixed Caucasian, Iranian and Turkic origin,^[54] who number 16^a[55][56] — 17^b[57] — 21.6^c[58] — 24 percent^d[59] and also 15^e[60] — 15.5^f[61] — 16 million^g[62] of Iran's population. in the Azerbaijan region, the population consists mainly of Azerbaijanis^[20] Azeris are the largest group in Iranian Azerbaijan and, while Kurds are the second largest group, and a majority in many cities of the West Azerbaijan Province.^[63] Iranian Azerbaijan is one of the richest and most densely populated regions of Iran. Many of these various linguistic, religious, and tribal minority groups, and Azeris themselves have settled widely outside the region.^[64] The majority Azeris are followers of Shi'a Islam. The Iranian Azerbaijanis, mainly resides in the northwest provinces: Included Iranian Azerbaijan provinces (East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil, and Zanjan) as well as regions of North^[65] to Hamadan County^[66] and Shara District^[66] in the East Hamadan Province, some regions Qazvin Province^[21][67] and also Azerbaijani minorities living in Markazi,^[68] Kordestan,^[69] Gilan^[70][71] and Kermanshah.^h[72]

Smaller groups such as Armenians, Assyrians, Talyshs, Jews, and Persians also inhabit the region.^{[citation needed]}

Emigration

Azerbaijani people mostly live in northwest parts of Iran. But large Azerbaijani populations can be found in Khorasan^[73] especially Mashhad.^[74] and central Iran due to internal migration to Tehran,^[73] Karaj,^[67] Qum^[73] wherever they have settled they have become prominent not only among urban and industrial working classes but also in commercial, administrative, political, religious, and intellectual circles.^[73] for example Azerbaijanis make up 25%^[75]– 33%^[21][67] of Tehran and Tehran Province's population. They are the largest ethnic groups after Persians in Tehran and the Tehran Province.^[76] also Governor of Tehran, is Hossein Hashemi^[77] from Sarab in East Azerbaijan.^[78] and Ali Khamenei Supreme Leader of Iran was born Mashhad, origin Azeri^[79][80][81] from Tabriz.

Population

According to the population census of 2012, the four provinces of East Azerbaijan (2012 pop. 3,724,620), West Azarbaijan (2012 pop. 3,080,576), Zanjan (2012 pop. 1,015,734), and Ardabil (2012 pop. 1,248,488) have a combined population of 9 million people.^[82]

Administrative divisions

Four provinces in Iranian Azerbaijan the current division of Iran

Azerbaijan's major cities are Tabriz^[21][67] (the capital of East Azerbaijan), Urmia^[21][67] (the capital of West Azerbaijan), Zanjan^[21][67] (the capital of Zanjan Province), Ardabil^[21][67] (the capital of Ardabil Province) and Major cities non-capital of Province's Azerbaijan are Khoy and Maragheh.^[21][67]

Rank	Name	Image	County	Province	Population (County)	Rank	Name	Image	Country	Province	Population (County)
1	Tabriz		Tabriz County	East Azerbaijan	70061695094000000001,695,094[82]	2	Urmia		Urmia County	West Azerbaijan	7005963738000000000963,738[82]
3	Ardabil		Ardabil County	Ardabil Province	7005564365000000000564,365[82]	4	Zanjan		Zanjan County	Zanjan Province	7005486495000000000486,495[82]
5	Khoy		Khoy County	West Azerbaijan	7005354309000000000354,309[82]	6	Miandoab		Miandoab County	West Azerbaijan	7005260628000000000260,628[82]
7	Maragheh		Maragheh County	East Azerbaijan	7005247681000000000247,681[82]	8	Marand		Marand County	East Azerbaijan	7005239209000000000239,209[82]

Culture

Sassanid king, Bahram Gur is a great favourite in Persian tradition and poetry. Depction of Nezami's "Bahram and the Indian Princess in the Black Pavilion" Khamse ("Quintet"), mid-16th century Safavid era.

Azeris are culturally very close to the rest of the Iranians though their language is Turkic. The people of Azerbaijan have similar DNA to other Iranian peoples^[83][84] as well as their religion which is Shi'a Islam, which sets them apart from other Turkic speakers (who are mostly Sunni Muslims). Azeris celebrate Nouruz for the turn of the new Iranian year, the arrival of spring. Azerbaijan has a distinct music in Iran. Many local dances and folk music continue to survive among the various peoples of the provinces. Although Azerbaijani language is not an official language it is widely used, mostly in an oral tradition, among the Azeris in Iran.

Literature

Many poets that came from Azerbaijan wrote poetry in both Persian and Azerbaijani. Renowned poets in Azerbaijani language are Nasimi, Shah Ismail I (who was known with the pen-name Khatai), Fuzuli, Nasimi and Jahan Shah were probably born outside what is now Iranian Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani was the dominant language of the ruling dynasties of the Turkic rulers of the area such as the Ak Koyunlu,^[85] Kara Koyunlu^[86] and later it was used in the Safavid for court, until Isfahan became capital^[87] and religious dignitaries, military.^[88][89] In the 16th century, Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development of Ashik (Azerbaijani: Aşıq) poetic genre of bards. During the same period, under the pen-name of Khatāī (Arabic: خطائی‎ for sinner)^[90] Shah Ismail I wrote about 1400 verses in Azerbaijani,^[91] which were later published as his Divan. A unique literary style known as qoshma (Azerbaijani: qoşma for improvisation) was introduced in this period, and developed by Shah Ismail and later by his son and successor, Shah Tahmasp and Tahmasp I.^[85] In the span of the 17th century, 18th and 19th century, Fizuli's unique genres as well Ashik poetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such as Qovsi Tabrizi, Shah Abbas Sani, Khasta Qasim, Mirza Fatali Akhundov, Seyid Abulgasim Nabati, Ali Mojuz and others.

An influential piece of post-World War II Azerbaijani poetry, Heydar Babaya Salam (Greetings to Heydar Baba) was written by Azeri poet Mohammad Hossein Shahriar who had already established himself as a notable. This poem, published in Tabriz in 1954 and written in colloquial Azerbaijani, became popular among Iranians and the people of Azerbaijan. In Heydar Babaya Salam, Shahriar expressed his identity as an Iranian Azerbaijani attached to his homeland, language, and culture. Heydar Baba is a hill near Khoshknab, the native village of the poet.

Azerbaijan is mentioned favorably on many occasions in Persian literature by Iran's greatest authors and poets. Examples:

گزیده هر چه در ایران بزرگان
زآذربایگان و ری و گرگان
All the nobles and greats of Iran,
Choose from Azerbaijan, Ray, and Gorgan.
—Vis o Ramin

از آنجا بتدبیر آزادگان
بیامد سوی آذرآبادگان
From there the wise and the free,
set off to Azerbaijan
—Nizami

به یک ماه در آذرآبادگان
ببودند شاهان و آزادگان
For a month's time, The Kings and The Free,
Would choose in Azerbaijan to be
—Ferdowsi

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Nine historical sites in Azerbaijan have been designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO:

• Bazaar of Tabriz: is one of the oldest bazaars in the Middle East and the largest covered bazaar in the world. The bazaar was declared to be a World Heritage Site in July 2010.^[92][93]
• Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble: is the tomb of Sheikh Safi-ad-din Ardabili located in Ardabil, Iran.^[94] In 2010, it was registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List.^[95]
• Takht-e Soleymān: literally the Throne of Solomon, in earlier ancient periods known as Shiz or Adur Gushnasp,^[96] literally the Fire of the Warrior Kings) is an archaeological site in West Azarbaijan. It lies midway between Urmia and Hamadan, very near the present-day town of Takab,
• Soltaniyeh: located near Zanjan, 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the north-west of Tehran, used to be the capital of Mongol Ilkhanid rulers of Persia in the 14th century. Its name translates as The Imperial. In 2005, UNESCO listed Soltaniyeh as one of the World Heritage Sites. The road from Zanjan to Soltaniyeh extends until it reaches to the Katale khor cave.
• Five churchs in Azerbaijan: St. Thaddeus Monastery, Saint Stepanos Monastery, Church of the Holy Mother of God, Darashamb, Church of Sour Sour and Church of Chupan are World Heritage Sites.

Colleges and universities

There are many universities in Azerbaijan, included units and centers: public university and private university Islamic Azad University, Payame Noor University, Nonprofit educational institutions, University of Applied Science and Technology.

Public universities in the area include:

Architecture

Azeri style is a style (sabk) of architecture when categorizing Iranian architecture development in Azerbaijan history. Landmarks of this style of architecture span from the late 13th century (Ilkhanate) to the appearance of the Safavid Dynasty in the 16th century CE.^[97]

Transportation

Air

An ATA Airlines A320-200 landing at Tabriz International Airport

Ata Airlines is an airline based in Tabriz, Iran. Operates scheduled domestic services and international services in the Middle East, as well as charter services including Europe. Its main base is Tabriz International Airport. in this airplane company is in Azerbaijan with Eram Air.

Commercial and Passenger airports in Azerbaijan:

Railway

Tabriz Railway Station.

Tabriz Railway Station is a was founded in Tabriz, in 1917; the current building was built during second Pahlavi era by Iranian architect Heydar Ghiaï-Chamlou. The first railroad arriving to Tabriz had been built by Russian. The railway started from Jolfa, a city on the border of Iran and the modern Republic of Azerbaijan.

Active lines this railway included: Tabriz — Tehran, Tabriz — Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and Tabriz — Turkey.

Metro

Tabriz Urban Railway Organization (TURO), El Goli Station.

Metro being built in the Tabriz City since 2001. this metro have 5 line (4 line is main, 1 line is vicinity) and the total length is 75 kilometers. one's line Tabriz metro El-golu in southeast connect to Laleh district in the southwest.^[98]

Roads

type	Number Road	Distance (Km)	City of Origin	City of Destination	Location	Image
Freeways	Freeway 2 (Iran)	600	Tehran	Tabriz (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 11 (Iran)	325	Jolfa (Az)	Baneh
Highways and Roads	Road 12 (Iran)	572	Bazargan (Az)	Bileh Savar (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 14 (Iran)	460	Razi, Ardabil (Az)	Salmas (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 16 (Iran)	428	Astara	Serow (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 21 (Iran)	978	Ilam	Jolfa (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 22 (Iran)	428	Sarakhs	Khalkhal (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 23 (Iran)	390	Miandoab (Az)	Hamadan
Highways and Roads	Road 24 (Iran)	142	Hashtrud (Az)	Bonab (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 26 (Iran)	151	Miandoab (Az)	Piranshahr (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 27 (Iran)	245	Khomarlu (Az)	Tabriz (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 31 (Iran)	539	Parsabad (Az)	Manjil
Highways and Roads	Road 32 (Iran)	880	Tehran	Bazargan (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 33 (Iran)	155	Ardabil (Az)	Bileh Savar (Az)
Highways and Roads	Road 35 (Iran)	155	Zanjan (Az)	Khorramabad

Media

Sahand TV main building

TV and radio

• Sahand TV from Tabriz
• Eshragh TV from Zanjan
• Sabalan TV from Ardebil
• West Azerbaijan TV from Urmia

Newspapers

Sport

Sahand Stadium: Have Capacity about 70,000 in Tabriz

Top sport clubs

Representatives of Azerbaijani in the top leagues.

Football

Futsal

Volleyball

Basketball

• Hamyari Shahrdari Zanjan BC

Cycling Team

• Petrochimi Tabriz Cycling Team

Cycling Tour

Azerbaijan International Cycling Tour: is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Iran since 1986, named after Azerbaijan, Iran. The race is categorized by International Cycling Union (UCI) as a 2.2 category race as part of the Asia Tours.

Sports facilities

Large and important stadiums:

See also

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Azerbāïjān.

Notes

^a Reporting and estimation World Factbook and Library of Congress

^b Reporting and estimation Looklex Encyclopaedia

^c Reporting and estimation New America Foundation

^d Reporting and estimation Minority Rights Group International

^e Reporting and estimation Britannica Encyclopaedia

^f Reporting and estimation Ethnologue

^g Reporting and estimation Encyclopædia Iranica, The number of Turkic speakers in Iran today is estimated about 16 million, The majority are ethnic Azeris

^h Just in Sonqor County

References

External links

Find more about Iranian Azerbaijan at Wikipedia's sister projects
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Media from Commons
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks
	Travel guide from Wikivoyage
	Learning resources from Wikiversity

Azerbaijani language edition of Wikipedia

• "Azerbaijan" (Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition; 2001–05)

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