Ioudaios

Ioudaios (wikt:Ιουδαίος)^[a] is the Greek ethnonym in classical and biblical literature commonly translated in English as "Jew" or "Judean".^[1] In its various contexts, the word has also been translated as "Judahites", "people of the region of Judah/Judea" and "leaders of Judea".^[2]

The choice of translation is the subject of frequent scholarly debate, given its central importance to passages in the Bible (both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament) as well as other writers such as Josephus and Philo. Translation as "Jews" is seen to infer connotations as to the religious beliefs of the people, whereas translation as "Judeans" infers an identity primarily defined by the territory of Judea.^[3]

A related translation debate refers to the terms ἰουδαίζω (verb), literally translated as Judaizing,^[4] and Ἰουδαισμός (noun), commonly translated as Judaism.

Etymology and usage

The Hebrew term Yehudi (יְהוּדִי) occurs 74 times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible. It occurs first in the history books of the Hebrew Bible in 2 Kings 16:6 where Rezin king of Syria drove the "Jews" out of Elath, and earliest among the prophets in Jeremiah 32:12 of "Jews that sat in the court of the prison." In the Septuagint the term is translated Ioudaios.

Translation implications

As mentioned above, translating as "Jews" has implications about the beliefs of the people whereas translation as "Judeans" emphasizes their geographical origin.

The word Ioudaioi is used primarily in three areas of literature in antiquity: the later books of the Hebrew Bible (e.g. the Books of the Maccabees), the New Testament (particularly the Gospel of John and Acts of the Apostles) and classical writers from the region such as Josephus and Philo.

There is a wide range of scholarly views as to the correct translations with respect to each of these areas, with some scholars suggesting that either the words Jews or Judeans should be used in all cases, and other scholars suggesting that the correct translation needs to be interpreted on a case by case basis.

One complication in the translation question is that the meaning of the word evolved over the centuries. For example, Morton Smith, writing in the 1999 Cambridge History of Judaism,^[5] states that from c.100 BCE under the Hasmoneans the meaning of the word Ioudaioi expanded further:

For clarity, we may recall that the three main earlier meanings were:

(1) one of the descendants of the patriarch Judah, i.e. (if in the male line) a member of the tribe of Judah;

(2) a native of Judaea, a "Judaean";

(3) a "Jew", i.e. a member of Yahweh's chosen people, entitled to participate in those religious ceremonies to which only such members were admitted.

Now appears the new, fourth meaning:

(4) a member of the Judaeo-Samaritan-Idumaean-Ituraean-Galilean alliance

Language Comparison

The English word Jew derives from the Old French forms "Giu" and "Juieu", which had elided (dropped) the letter "d" from the Medieval Latin form "Iudaeus", which, like the Greek Ioudaioi, meant both Jews and Judeans / "of Judea".

However, most other European languages retained the letter "d" in the word for Jew.

The distinction of translation of Yehudim in biblical Hebrew between "Judahites," "Judeans" and "Jews" is relevant in English translations of the Bible.

English	Modern Hebrew	Modern Standard Arabic	Latin	Ancient Greek
Jew	יהודי Yehudi	يهودي Yahudi	Iudaeus	Ἰουδαῖος Ioudaios
"of Judea" or "Judean"	יהודי Yehudi	يهودي Yahudi	Iudaeus	Ἰουδαῖος Ioudaios
Judea	יהודה Yehudah	يهودية Yahudiyya	Iudaea	Ἰουδαία or Ioudaiā

Judaism (Greek Ioudaismos)

The Ancient Greek term Ioudaismos, usually translated as "Judaism" or "Judeanism", first appears in 2 Maccabees in the 2nd century BCE. In the context of the age and period it held the meaning of seeking or forming part of a cultural entity and can be compared with hellenismos, meaning acceptance of Hellenic cultural norms (the conflict between iudaismos and hellenismos lay behind the Maccabean revolt and hence the invention of the term iudaismos).^[6] Shaye J. D. Cohen wrote:

...in this first ocurence of the term, Ioudaismos has not yet be reduced to designation of a religion. It means rather "the aggregate of all those characteristics that makes Judaeans Judaean (or Jews Jewish)." Among these characteristics, to be sure, are practices and beliefs that we would today call "religious" but these practices and beliefs are not the sole content of the term.^[7]

External References

General References

• Malcolm Lowe, Who Were the Ioudaioi?, Novum Testamentum 18 (1976), 101-130
• Philip Esler, Conflict and identity in Romans
• Shaye Cohen, The Beginnings of Jewishness, p69, Chapter 3 "Ioudaios, Iudaeus, Judaean, Jew"
• Steve Mason, “Jews, Judaeans, Judaizing, Judaism: Problems of Categorization in Ancient History,” Journal for the Study of Judaism 38 (2007) p457-512.... see also article here
• David M. Miller, "The Meaning of Ioudaios and its Relationship to Other Group Labels in Ancient ‘Judaism,'" Currents in Biblical Research 9.1 (2010) p98-126
• David M. Miller, "Ethnicity Comes of Age: An Overview of Twentieth-Century Terms for Ioudaios," Currents in Biblical Research 10.2 (2012) p293-311
• Morton Smith, Palestinian Parties and Politics that shaped the Old Testament, SCM Press, 1987

Ioudaioi in the Gospel of John

• Meeks, Wayne (1975). ""Am I A Jew"? Johannine Christianity and Judaism". Christianity, Judaism and other Greco-Roman Cults. 
• Bratcher, Robert (1975). "The Jews in the Gospel of John". BT 26: 401–409. 
• Schram, Terry Leonard (1974). The use of Ioudaios in the Fourth Gospel. 
• Uses of Ioudaios in the New Testament

See also

• Race of Jesus
• Who is a Jew
• Jew (word)
• King of the Jews
• Hellenistic Judaism
• Judaizers
• Proselytes
• History of the Jews in the Roman Empire

Notes

^a Also Ioudaioi (Ἰουδαῖοι) as per the Ancient Greek nominative plural case; also Ἰουδαῖῶν (Ioudaiōn, genitive), Ἰουδαῖοῖς (Ioudaiois, dative) and Ἰουδαῖούς (Ioudaious, accusative) in other forms.

References