International Coffee Agreement
The International Coffee Agreement (ICA) is an international commodity agreement between coffee producing countries and consuming countries. First signed in 1962, it is aimed at maintaining exporting countries' quotas and keeping coffee prices high and stable in the market,[1] mainly using export quotas to steer the price.[2] The International Coffee Organization, the controlling body of the agreement, represents all major coffee producing countries and most consuming countries.
The current 2007 agreement has 42 exporting members and 6 importing (the European Union represents all its 27 member states as one member).[3]
History
The original agreement was signed in 1962 for a five-year period, and since then there have been six subsequent agreements, ratified in 1968, 1976, 1983, 1994, 2001 and 2007.
Background
The precursor to the ICA was the Inter-American Coffee Agreement (IACA) established during the Second World War. The war had created the conditions for a Latin American coffee agreement: European markets were closed off, the price of coffee was in decline and the United States feared that the declining price could drive Latin American countries—especially Brazil—towards Nazi or Communist sympathies.[4][5]
In 1940, the United States agreed to restrict its imports to a quota of 15.9 million bags, and other Latin American countries agreed to restrict their production.[6] The agreement had an immediate effect, the price almost doubled by the end of 1941.[4] After the end of the war in 1945 the price of coffee rose continuously[5][7] until 1955–57 when a degree of equilibrium was reached.
Producers sought ways to maintain the price,[8] this led to the first International Coffee Agreement.[7] A target price was set, and export quotas allocated to each producer.[9] When the indicator price set by the International Coffee Organization (ICO) fell below the target price, quotas were decreased; if it rose above it, quotas were increased.[9] Although the system had its problems, it was successful in raising and stabilizing the price.[9]
The International Coffee Organization was established in 1963 to administer the clauses of the agreement and supervise the mechanisms in place. Until 1986 the Coffee Council, the decision-making body of ICO, approved export quotas.[1]
Breakdown of the 1989 agreement
In 1989, ICO failed to reach an agreement on new export quotas, causing the 1983 ICA to break down.[10] The disagreement was triggered by consumers' change in taste towards milder and higher quality coffee.[11] With the retained quotas from the 1983 agreement, the change increased the value of milder coffee at the expense of more traditional varieties such as robusta.[12] Brazil in particular – the world's most powerful coffee producer – refused to reduce its quotas believing it would lower their market share.[11][13] The consumers, led by the United States, demanded higher quality coffee and the end of selling coffee to non-members at reduced rates.[14][15]
The US criticized Brazil for not being willing to accept a reduction of the country's quotas despite falling share of the world market since 1980.[13] Jorio Dauster, head of the state-controlled Brazilian Coffee Institute, described Brazil as an "extremely efficient producer" and believed it could survive without help from ICO.[11][13]
The 1983 ICA was set to expire on 1 October 1989, but realizing that it would be impossible to enter into a new agreement before the termination date, the Coffee Council (ICO's highest body) effectively decided to suspend the export quotas on 4 July 1989.[14] Without an extended agreement producing countries lost most of their influence on the international market.[16] ICO's average indicator price for the last five years previous the end of the regime fell from US$1.34 per pound, to US$0.77 per pound for the first five years after.[16]
Members
The current 2007 ICA entered into force on 2 February 2011 when it was approved by two-thirds of the exporting and importing signatory governments.[17] As of 2013, it has 48 members, of which 42 are exporting members, and 6 importing (the European Union represents all its 27 member states).[3] According to ICO, its members represent 97% of all coffee production and 80% of the consumption.[18]
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See also
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Leonard, Thomas M. (2006). Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 840. ISBN 978-0-415-97663-3.
- ↑ Bożyk, Paweł (2006). Globalization and the transformation of foreign economic policy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-7546-4638-9.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "ICO Members". International Coffee Organization. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fridell 2007, p. 122
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fridell 2007, p. 139
- ↑ Fridell 2007, pp. 122–124
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Meerhaeghe 1998, p. 161
- ↑ Meerhaeghe 1998, p. 162
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Daviron & Ponte 2005, p. 87
- ↑ Commodity Trade and Price Trends, 1989–91 Edition, World Bank Publications, 1993, p. xii, ISBN 978-0-8213-1359-6
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Grounds For Fear Brazil`s Clout Over Price of Coffee Gives Small Growers The Jitters". Chicago Tribune. 21 July 1989. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
- ↑ "International Talks Over Coffee Prices at an Impasse". Los Angeles Times. 1 December 1989. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Brazil coffee chief says too much pessimism over prices". Associated Press. 21 April 1987. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 David Dishneau (7 October 1989). "Brazil pours more cold water on coffee market". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
- ↑ "FUTURES/OPTIONS; Coffee Prices Slump Again; Corn and Soybeans Also Off". The New York Times. 7 October 1989. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Daviron & Ponte 2005, p. 88
- ↑ "2007". International Coffee Organization. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
- ↑ "Mission". International Coffee Organization. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- Daviron, Benoît; Ponte, Stefano (2005). The coffee paradox: global markets, commodity trade and the elusive promise of development. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-457-1.
- Fridell, Gavin (2007). Fair trade coffee: the prospects and pitfalls of market-driven social justice. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9238-0.
- Meerhaeghe, Marcel Alfons Gilbert, van (1998). International economic institutions. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-8072-6.