Insulator (genetics)

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An insulator is a genetic boundary element that blocks the interaction between enhancers and promoters. Insulators therefore determine the set of genes an enhancer can influence. The need for them arises where two adjacent genes on a chromosome have very different transcription patterns, and it is critical that the inducing or repressing mechanisms of one do not interfere with the neighbouring gene.[1] Insulator activity is thought to occur primarily through the 3D structure of DNA mediated by the protein CTCF.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Burgess-Beusse B, Farrell C, Gaszner M, Litt M, Mutskov V, Recillas-Targa F, Simpson M, West A, Felsenfeld G (December 2002). "The insulation of genes from external enhancers and silencing chromatin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 Suppl 4: 16433–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.162342499. PMC 139905. PMID 12154228. 
  2. ↑ Phillips JE, Corces VG (June 2009). "CTCF: master weaver of the genome". Cell 137 (7): 1194–211. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.001. PMC 3040116. PMID 19563753. 
Transcriptional regulation
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
Histone-modifying enzymes
(histone/nucleosome):
DNA methylation:
Chromatin remodeling:
both
Promotion
Initiation (bacterial,
eukaryotic
Elongation
Termination
(bacterial,
eukaryotic)
see also disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification
B bsyn: dna (repl, cycl, reco, repr) · tscr (fact, tcrg, nucl, rnat, rept, ptts) · tltn (risu, pttl, nexn) · dnab, rnab/runp · stru (domn, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°)
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