Insect trap

A hanging bucket trap for the Mediterranean fruit fly

An insect trap mounted onto a pickup truck, for collection of nocturnal species.

Insect traps are used to monitor or directly reduce populations of insects or other arthropods. They typically use food, visual lures, chemical attractants and pheromones as bait and are installed so that they do not injure other animals or humans or result in residues in foods or feeds. Visual lures use light, bright colors and shapes to attract pests. Chemical attractants or pheromones may attract only a specific sex. Insect traps are sometimes used in pest management programs instead of pesticides but are more often used to look at seasonal and distributional patterns of pest occurrence. This information may then be used in other pest management approaches.

The trap mechanism or bait can vary widely. Flies and wasps are attracted by proteins. Mosquitoes and many other insects are attracted by bright colors, carbon dioxide, lactic acid, floral or fruity fragrances, warmth, moisture and pheromones. Synthetic attractants like methyl eugenol are very effective with tephritid flies.

Trap types

Insect traps vary widely in shape, size, and construction, often reflecting the behavior or ecology of the target species. Some common varieties are described below

Light traps

Light traps, with or without ultraviolet light, attract certain insects. Light sources may include fluorescent lamps, mercury-vapor lamps, or black lights.^[1] Designs differ according to the behavior of the insects being studied. Grasshoppers and some beetles are attracted to lights at a long range but are repelled by it at short range. Farrow's light trap has a large base so that it captures insects that may otherwise fly away from regular light traps.^[2][3] Light traps can attract flying and terrestrial insects, and lights may be combined with other methods described below.

Flying insect traps

These traps are designed to catch flying or wind-blown insects.

A sticky insect trap used to monitor pest populations

Flight interception traps or are net-like or transparent structures that impede flying insects and funnel them into collecting. Barrier traps consist of a simple vertical sheet or wall that channels insects down into collection containers. The Malaise trap, a more complex type, is a mesh tent-like trap that captures insects that tend to fly up rather than down when impeded.^[1]

Sticky traps may be simple flat panels or enclosed structures, often baited, that ensnare insects with an adhesive substance. Sticky traps are widely used in agricultural monitoring.^[1]

Pan traps (also called water pan traps) are simple shallow dishes filled with a soapy water or a preservative and killing agent such as antifreeze. Pan traps are used to monitor aphids and some other small insects.^[1]

Bucket traps and bottle traps, often supplemented with a funnel, are inexpensive versions that use a bait or attractant to lure insects into a bucket or bottle filled with soapy water or antifreeze. Many types of moth traps are bucket-type traps. Bottle traps are widely-used, often used to sample wasp or pest beetle populations.^[1]

Terrestrial arthropod traps

Pitfall traps are used for ground-foraging and flightless arthropods such as Carabid beetles and spiders. Pitfall traps consist of a bucket or container buried in soil or other substrate so that its lip is flush with the substrate.^[1]

A grain probe is a type of trap used to monitor pests of stored grain, consisting of a long cylindrical tube with multiple holes along its length that can be inserted at various depths within grain.^[1]

Shelter traps, or artificial cover traps, take advantage of an insect's tendencies to seek shelter in loose bark, crevices, or other sheltered places.^[4] Shelter traps may be unbaited or baited. Unbaited traps simply increase the available shelter area in an environment, and may take forms such as bunched-up cloth, corrugated cardboard, or bubble-wrap. Baited shelter traps include "Roach Motels" and similar enclosures. Shelter traps can be placed on the ground or in trees depending on species or study.^[5]

Soil emergence traps, consisting of an inverted cone or funnel with collecting jar on top, are employed to capture insects with a subterranean pupal stage.^[1] Emergence traps have been used to monitor important disease-vectors such as Phlebotomine sandflies.^[6]

Aquatic arthropod traps

Aquatic interception traps typically involve mesh funnels that or conical structures that guide insects into a jar or bottle for collecting.^[1]

Aquatic emergence traps are cage-like or tent-like structures used to capture aquatic insects such as chironomids, caddisflies, mosquitoes, and odonates upon their transition from aquatic nymphs to terrestrial adults. Aquatic emergence traps may be free floating on the water's surface, submerged, or attached to a post near shore.^[7]

See also

• Insect collecting
• Integrated pest management
• Biological pest control
• Insecticidal soap
• Organic farming

References

Further reading

• Weinzierl, R., et al. Insect Attractants and Traps. ENY277. University of Florida IFAS. Published 1995. Revised 2005.
• Kronkright, D. P. Insect Traps in Conservation Surveys. WAAC Newsletter January, 1991. 13(1) 21-23.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Insect traps.

• Tereshkin, A. Devices for collecting wasps.

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