Inkpen

Inkpen
Row of houses in the south east
Inkpen  Inkpen shown within Berkshire
Population	877 (United Kingdom Census 2001)
OS grid reference	SU3664
Civil parish	Inkpen
Unitary authority	West Berkshire
Ceremonial county	Berkshire
Region	South East
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	Hungerford
Postcode district	RG17
Dialling code	01488
Police	Thames Valley
Fire	Royal Berkshire
Ambulance	South Central
EU Parliament	South East England
UK Parliament	Newbury
Website	Inkpen Village
List of places UK England Berkshire

Inkpen is a village and civil parish in West Berkshire about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southeast of Hungerford, close to the county boundaries with Wiltshire and Hampshire.

Amenities and landmarks

Swan Inn

Inkpen has two public houses, the Crown & Garter^[1] and the Swan Inn.^[2] Both are hotels and have restaurants, and the Swan Inn also has an organic food shop.^[3] The village has also a monthly farmers' market.^[4]

There is a village hall.^[5] Inkpen County Primary School has about sixty pupils.^[6]

The highest point in the South East England, Walbury Hill, is situated half within the parish, only 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south of the village, within the North Wessex Downs area of outstanding natural beauty. ^{[citation needed]} At its summit, 974 feet (297 m) above sea-level, is Walbury Camp Iron Age hill fort, the start of both the Test Way and the Wayfarers Walk.^{[citation needed]} On the adjacent Gallows Down, but just within Combe parish, are Combe Gibbet and the incorrectly named Inkpen Long Barrow.^{[citation needed]} Up on the Down, skylarks may often be heard and hang gliders and paragliders seen circling above the landscape.^{[citation needed]}

Archaeology of the parish

Stone Age

The area was part of Savernake Forest, one of the first landscapes to reappear in Britain when the last Ice Age receded at least 10,000 years ago. The ice left the deposits of heavy clay soil found in Inkpen that give rise to the boggy lowland areas.^{[citation needed]} From the Downs, pockets of ancient woodland scattered in and around Inkpen may still be seen today.

The earliest sign of habitation in Inkpen dates to the Mesolithic period between 10,000 to 5500 BC.^{[citation needed]} Only one artefact has been uncovered, to the west of the gibbet, but even this helps confirm the traditional view of small groups of Mesolithic people following established cyclic seasonal trails through the forested countryside, often along hilltops. They may have attempted to manipulate resources through forest clearance.

There were people living on the Downs of Inkpen some 5,000 years ago^{[citation needed]} Intact pots by the Beaker People have been unearthed at the Hungerford end of Craven Road in Inkpen, opposite Colnbrook Copse, as well as on the Downs. They show skill and artistic design and now reside in the West Berkshire Museum. Early Beaker People flint tools have also been found close to the old saw mills at the end of Folly Road, along with evidence that suggests they were manufactured nearby.^{[citation needed]} The pottery finds at Craven Road were found in a layer of sand close to where an ancient brook known as the Ingeflod would have run. At the bottom of the hill on the Hungerford Road leaving Inkpen, flooding in wet weather, still sometimes re-enacts the meanderings of this river through the fields to the northeast. It seems likely that this fresh water attracted the beaker people to settle and live in their round houses there, using the fertile soil for crops and livestock grazing. Evidence of an ancient field system is certainly still visible not far from the Inkpen Long Barrow.

The West Berkshire Museum has a number of bone tools and a bronze knife found in Inkpen that date from this period.^{[citation needed]} In 1908 trenches dug at Sadler's Farm, the site of a ploughed-out barrow, revealed a large quantity of animal and some human bones, horns and some early or pre-Romano-British potsherds. The beaker people buried their dead in simple stone mounds since called round barrows, often with a beaker alongside the body. Several of these remain on the hilltop to the west of the Gibbet. Four were explored in 1908 when Neolithic tools and small urns with burnt human bones, suggesting cremation, were found. Later, in the Bronze Age, communal long barrows were used, like the one under Combe Gibbet.

Iron Age

View from Walbury Hill looking north

In the Iron Age burial mounds and circles gave way to permanent fields and hill forts such as Walbury Camp on Walbury Hill adjacent to Gallows Down. It was built in around 600 BC and remained in use until about the time the Romans invaded Britain.^{[citation needed]} The construction of its massive banks and ditches, encircling some 80 acres (32 ha), would have been an enormous feat. It would have been defended by a timber fence or palisade and populated with round houses and maybe pens for livestock. Walbury Camp was built, not only for the protection of the locals from attack by warring groups, but also in response to the increasing importance of the hilltop tracks for trade and the movement of livestock.

Roman

There is little evidence of Roman activity in Inkpen. Some of the hill trail trade was diverted down to the Ermin Way and Romanized Brythons certainly lived in the area. In 1984 archaeological finds were discovered near Lower Green suggesting the presence of a Roman dwelling of some kind, possibly not unlike the Roman villas found at nearby Kintbury and Littlecote. During building work near Combe in 2003, a Roman burial was also found.^{[citation needed]}

Saxon

The Roman army withdrew from Britain in around AD 410 and the settlement of Anglo-Saxons from Denmark and Northern Germany followed soon afterward. At the foot of the Inkpen Beacon is what some believe to be the eastern end of the Wansdyke, a long ditch and bank (or linear defensive earthwork)^{[citation needed]} built sometime between 400 and 700. Current theory suggests a date around AD 470 when some hill forts were also being refortified by the Romano-Britons.^{[citation needed]} It runs east-west between Inkpen Beacon and Portishead near Bristol. Although its eastern end is generally thought to be just south of Marlborough, this small section is named "Wansdyke" on Inkpen's enclosure award map of 1733. Its construction clearly points to danger from the north, perhaps from the first Saxons of what is now Berkshire, who settled around Abingdon. Early Saxon coins known as "sceattas" have been found on the Downs.^{[citation needed]}

History of the village

St. Michael's parish church

Crocus field in March

The earliest record of Inkpen is in the Cotton Charter viii, dated between 931 and 939. This includes the will of a Saxon thegn named Wulfgar, whose name means "wolf-spear".^{[citation needed]} Wulfgar owned "land at inche penne" which he "had from Wulfric, who had it from Wulfhere who first owned it", his father and grandfather respectively. Wulfgar left this to be divided amongst named heirs: three quarters to his wife, Aeffe, the other quarter to "the servants of God" at the holy place in Kintbury. Following Aeffe's death, her share was also to go to the holy place at Kintbury "for the souls of Wulfgar, Wulfric and Wulfrere".^[7]

The Church of England parish church of Saint Michael is 13th century.^[7][8] The east window of the chancel and west window of the nave were added in the 15th century.^[7]The church was restored by Clapton Crabb Rolfe in 1896; he added the south porch, south window and north aisle^[9] The church's new reredos, altar tables, Rood and rood screen, pulpit, lectern and much new seating were carved for Rolfe by Harry Hems of Exeter.^[10]

Near the centre of the village just off Post Office Road is a large field of Mediterranean crocuses, one of only two in the UK. According to the information plaque, the plants are believed to have been brought here by the Knights Templar in the Middle Ages for the production of saffron. It is currently owned by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust.

The Old Rectory was built in 1695, Kirby House in 1733 and West Court House in two stages in the 18th century.^[11] The Primary School was designed by G.E. Street and built in 1850.^[11]

Inkpen Post Office closed in the 1980s.^{[citation needed]}

Below is a selection of subsequent spellings of a dictated Inkpen over a period of some three hundred years by various scribes:

• Ingepenne 935.^[7]
• Hingepene 1086.^[7]
• Ingepenna 1167, Ingepenn 1167, Ingepenne 1167,^[7] Yngepenn 1167, Yngepenne 1167.^{[citation needed]}
• Ynkepenee 1230, Yngelpenne 1235, Ynkepenne 1241, Ingelpenne 1241, Hingepenna 1242, Ingepepenn 1242, Ingelpenn 1252, Enkepenne 1282, Inckepene 1292.^{[citation needed]}

Sources

• Page, W.H.; Ditchfield, P.H., eds. (1924). A History of the County of Berkshire, Volume 4. Victoria County History. pp. 200–205. 
• Pevsner, Nikolaus (1966). Berkshire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 158–159. 
• Saint, Andrew (1970). "Three Oxford Architects". Oxonensia (Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society) XXXV: 53ff. Retrieved 3 November 2009. 

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inkpen.

grid reference SU367642

v t e Settlements in West Berkshire Towns Hungerford Newbury Thatcham Civil parishes Aldermaston Aldworth Ashampstead Basildon Beech Hill Beedon Beenham Boxford Bradfield Brightwalton Brimpton Bucklebury Burghfield Catmore Chaddleworth Chieveley Cold Ash Combe Compton East Garston East Ilsley Enborne Englefield Farnborough Fawley Frilsham Great Shefford Greenham Hampstead Norreys Hamstead Marshall Hermitage Holybrook Inkpen Kintbury Lambourn Leckhampstead Midgham Mortimer Common Padworth Pangbourne Peasemore Purley-on-Thames Shaw-cum-Donnington Speen Stanford Dingley Stratfield Mortimer Streatley Sulham Sulhamstead Theale Tidmarsh Tilehurst Ufton Nervet Wasing Welford West Woodhay West Ilsley Winterbourne Wokefield Woolhampton Yattendon Other villages and hamlets Aldermaston Wharf Ashmore Green Avington Bagnor Beansheaf Farm Beedon Common Benham Hill Bloomfield Hatch Brightwalton Green Brimpton Common Burghfield Bridge Burnt Hill Calcot Chapel Row Colthrop Crockham Heath Crookham Downend Donnington Eastbury Eddington Elcot Eling Enborne Row Fords Farm Goddard's Green Halfway Heads Hill Hell Corner Hoe Benham Honey Bottom Hungerford Newtown Hunts Green Hyde End Inkpen Common Lambourn Woodlands Little Heath Lower Basildon Lower Denford Lower Padworth Marlston Marsh Benham Midgham Green Ownham Padworth Common Shaw Shefford Woodlands Snelsmore South Fawley Stockcross Upper Basildon Upper Denford Upper Eddington Upper Lambourn Upper Woolhampton Wash Common Wash Water Weston Wickham Wickham Heath Woodlands St Mary Woodspeen World's End