Inedia

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Breatharianism is a concept, in which believers claim food and possibly water are not necessary, and that humans can be sustained solely by prana (the vital life force in Hinduism), or, according to some, by the energy in sunlight (according to Ayurveda, sunlight is one of the main sources of prana). The terms breatharianism or inedia may also refer to this philosophy practiced as a lifestyle in place of the usual diet.

Inedia (Latin: "fasting") is the alleged ability to live without food. The word was first used to describe a fast-based lifestyle within Catholic tradition, which holds that certain saints were able to survive for extended periods of time without food or drink other than the Eucharist.[citation needed]

Breatharianism is a potentially lethal pseudoscience, and several adherents of these practices have died from starvation.[1][2][3]

Scientific basis

Nutritional science indicates that fasting for extended periods leads to starvation, dehydration, and eventual death. In the absence of calorie intake, the body normally burns its own reserves of glycogen, body fat, and muscle. Breatharians claim that their bodies do not consume these reserves while fasting.[4]

Few breatharians have submitted themselves to medical testing; of those that have, including a hospital's observation of an Indian mystic Prahlad Jani appearing to survive without food or water for 15 days[5] and an Israeli breatharian appearing to survive for eight on a television documentary,[6][7][8] none have undergone peer review with results independently reproduced.[9] In a handful of documented cases, individuals attempting breatharian fasting have died,[1][2][3] and among the claims investigated by the Indian Rationalist Association, all were found to be fraudulent.[10] In other cases, people have attempted to survive on sunlight alone, sometimes for publicity or monetary gain, only to abandon the effort after losing a large percentage of their body weight.[11]

Practitioners

Ram Bahadur Bomjon

Ram Bahadur Bomjon is a young Nepalese Buddhist monk who lives as an ascetic in a remote area of Nepal. Ram Bahadur Bomzan appears to go for periods of time without ingesting either food or water.[12][13] One such period was chronicled by the Discovery Channel, in which, during 96 hours of filming, he neither moved, nor ate or drank anything.[14]

Jasmuheen

Jasmuheen (born Ellen Greve) was a prominent advocate of breatharianism in the 1990s. She claimed "I can go for months and months without having anything at all other than a cup of tea. My body runs on a different kind of nourishment."[15] Interviewers found her house stocked with food; Jasmuheen claimed the food was for her husband and daughter. In 1999, she volunteered to be monitored closely by the Australian television program 60 Minutes for one week without eating to demonstrate her methods.[16][17] Jasmuheen stated that she found it difficult on the third day of the test because the hotel room in which she was confined was located near a busy road, causing stress and pollution that prevented absorption of required nutrients from the air. "I asked for fresh air. Seventy percent of my nutrients come from fresh air. I couldn’t even breathe," she said. The third day the test was moved to a mountainside retreat where she regained strength. After Jasmuheen had fasted for four days, Dr. Berris Wink, president of the Queensland branch of the Australian Medical Association, urged her to stop the test.

According to Dr. Wink, Jasmuheen’s pupils were dilated, her speech was slow, and she was "quite dehydrated, probably over 10%, getting up to 11%". Towards the end of the test, she said, "Her pulse is about double what it was when she started. The risks if she goes any further are kidney failure. 60 Minutes would be culpable if they encouraged her to continue. She should stop now". The test was stopped. Dr. Wink said, "Unfortunately there are a few people who may believe what she says, and I'm sure it's only a few, but I think it's quite irresponsible for somebody to be trying to encourage others to do something that is so detrimental to their health".[18] Jasmuheen challenged the results of the program, saying, "Look, 6,000 people have done this around the world without any problem."[citation needed] Though she claims thousands of people are tuned to this,[19][20] mostly in Germany,[21] there has been no verification that any have lived for extended periods without food although the documentary In The Beginning There Was Light talks to many who do this.

Jasmuheen was awarded the Bent Spoon Award by Australian Skeptics in 2000 ("presented to the perpetrator of the most preposterous piece of paranormal or pseudoscientific piffle").[22] She also won the 2000 Ig Nobel Prize for Literature for Living on Light. Jasmuheen claims that their beliefs are based on the writings and "more recent channelled material" from St. Germain.[23] She stated that some peoples DNA has expanded from 2 to 12 strands, to "absorb more hydrogen". When offered $30,000 to prove her claim with a blood test, she said that she didn't understand the relevance as she was not referring to herself.[24]

In the documentary No Way to Heaven the Swiss chemist Michael Werner claims to have followed the directions appearing on Jasmuheen's books and to be living for several years without food. The documentary also describes two attempts of scientific verification of his claims.

Deaths of Jasmuheen's followers

The deaths of 49-year-old Australian-born Scotland resident Verity Linn, 31-year-old Munich preschool teacher Timo Degen, and 53-year-old Melbourne resident Lani Marcia Roslyn Morris while attempting the breatharian "diet" advocated by Jasmuheen have elicited criticism.[1][2] Jim Vadim Pesnak, 63, and his wife Eugenia, 60, went to jail for six and two years, respectively, on charges of manslaughter for their involvement in the death of Morris, when Pesnak delayed seeking medical attention.[25] Jasmuheen claimed that she could not comment as she did not know Verity or the circumstances surrounding her passing - after investigation by Scotland Yard Jasmuheen was cleared of any involvement. (Linn was nominated for a Darwin Award, but did not win.[26])

Jasmuheen has denied any involvement with the three deaths and claims she cannot be held responsible for the actions of her followers and states she has no followers at all and that people who do this follow their inner teacher or guru and the path of self-mastery. In reference to the death of Lani Morris, she said that she did not have enough information to comment since she had never met or heard of Lani Morris until her passing.

In 2007, a pregnant woman in Hungary died of malnutrition while following a "lighteater" fast forced on the family by her husband, who was later remanded to a mental institution. The couple's two young children were also in dire straits when they were found.

In 2012, it was reported that a Swiss woman died of starvation after having attempted to survive on light alone, based on one of Jasmuheen's books.[27]

Wiley Brooks

Wiley Brooks is the founder of the Breatharian Institute of America. He was first introduced to the public in 1980 when appearing on the TV show That's Incredible!.[28] Brooks stopped teaching recently to "devote 100% of his time on solving the problem as to why he needed to eat some type of food to keep his physical body alive and allow his light body to manifest completely."[29] Brooks claims to have found "four major deterrents" which prevented him from living without food: "people pollution", "food pollution", "air pollution" and "electro pollution".[29]

In 1983 he was reportedly observed leaving a Santa Cruz 7-Eleven with a Slurpee, hot dog and Twinkies.[30] He told Colors magazine in 2003 that he periodically breaks his fasting with a cheeseburger and a cola, explaining that when he's surrounded by junk culture and junk food, consuming them adds balance.[31]

On his website, Brooks states that his potential followers must first prepare by combining the junk food diet with the meditative incantation of five magic "fifth-dimensional" words which appear on his website, some of which are words from Kundalini yoga.[32][33] In the "5D Q&A" section of his website Brooks claims that cows are fifth-dimensional (or higher) beings that help mankind achieve fifth-dimensional status by converting three-dimensional food to five-dimensional food (beef).[34] In the "Question and Answer" section of his website, Brooks explains that the "Double Quarter-Pounder with Cheese" meal from McDonald's possesses a special "base frequency" and that he thus recommends it as occasional food for beginning breatharians.[35] He then goes on to reveal that Diet Coke is "liquid light".[35] Prospective disciples are asked after some time following the junk food/magic word preparation to revisit his website in order to test if they can feel the magic.[33]

Brooks states that he may be contacted on his fifth-dimensional phone in order to get the correct pronunciation of the five magic words.[33] In case the line is busy, prospective recruits are asked to meditate on the five magic words for a few minutes, and then try calling again.[33]

Brooks's institute has charged varying fees to prospective clients who wished to learn how to live without food, which have ranged from US$100,000 with an initial deposit of $10,000[36] to one billion dollars, to be paid via bank wire transfer with a preliminary deposit of $100,000, for a session called "Immortality workshop".[37] A payment plan was also offered.[38] These charges have typically been presented as limited time offers exclusively for billionaires.[39][40]

Hira Ratan Manek

Hira Ratan Manek (born 12 September 1937) claims that since 18 June 1995, he has lived on water, and, occasionally, tea, coffee, and buttermilk. Manek states that Sungazing is the key to his health,[41] citing the Jainist Tirthankara Mahavira, ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Native Americans as his inspiration.

According to his website, three extended periods of his fasting have been observed under control of scientific and medical teams, the first lasting 211 days in 1995–96, in Calicut, India, under the direction of Dr C. K. Ramachandran. During that period he is reported to have lost 41 kg.[42]

The second study lasted 411 days in 2000–2001, in Ahmedabad, India, under the direction of a 21 member team of medical doctors and scientists led by doctors Sudhir Shah and K. K. Shah, a past President of the Indian Medical Association and current Chairman of the Jainist Doctors' Federation (the latter group aims to "Promote scientific research and medical education based on principles of Jainism").[43] Dr K. K. Shah said "Fasting is a method of curing the meditation of mind and body which has been proved by great jain monks, sanyasis and munis of ancient times. There is a need to propagate these methods during this age of increasing diseases of the body and mind due to over consumptions and increasing with fasting would help maintain perfection.".[42] Dr Sudhir Shah was also involved in the study of Prahlad Jani.[44]

The paper[45] published by Dr Sudhir Shah makes it clear that dozens of people had access to Hira Ratan Manek during the study and he went on at least one excursion: "Most surprisingly, he had himself climbed the famous Shatrunjay mountain (Palitana hill) on 4.4.01, on 401st day of his legendary fasting along with 500 fellowmen without anybody’s help, within 1.5 Hrs. only". The paper reports that the subject lost 19 kg of weight during the study period. Neither the experiment, as described in the paper, nor the paper itself have been validated by any other reputable, peer-reviewed scientific or medical journal.

A third study allegedly lasted for 130 days in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at Thomas Jefferson University and the University of Pennsylvania under the direction of Dr. Andrew Newberg and Dr. George C. Brainard. Dr Sudhir Shah, who led the previous study, acted as an advisor and consultant to the USA team. However, Dr. Andrew Newberg said that Hira stayed at the University of Pennsylvania only for brain scans on studies of meditation, not his ability to fast indefinitely.

In the documentary "Eat the Sun" (2011-Peter Sorcher), he was caught on camera eating a big meal in a restaurant on 500 Haight Street, San Francisco, U.S.A.[46]

Prahlad Jani ("Mataji")

Prahlad Jani is an Indian 83 year old sadhu who has claimed to have lived without food and water for the last 72 years. His ability to live without food and water was investigated by doctors at Sterling Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat in 2003 and 2010.[47] The research team reported that he did not consume any food or water during the testing periods, although they could not comment on his claim of having been able to survive in this way for about 70 years.[48] The study concluded that Prahlad Jani was able to survive under observation for two weeks without either food or water, and had passed no urine or stool,[49] with no need for dialysis.[50]

Interviews with the researchers speak of strict observation and relate that round-the-clock observation was ensured by multiple CCTV cameras. Jani was reportedly subjected to multiple medical tests.[48] Jani's only contact with any form of fluid was during gargling and bathing, and the doctors said they measured the fluid that Jani spat out.[10]

The case has attracted criticism, both after 2003 tests and after the recent 2010 tests. Sanal Edamaruku, president of the Indian Rationalist Association, criticized the 2010 experiment for allowing Jani to move out of a certain CCTV camera's field of view, meet devotees and leave the sealed test room to sunbathe. Edamaruku stated that the regular gargling and bathing activities were not sufficiently monitored,[51] and accused Jani of having had some "influential protectors" who denied Edamaruku permission to inspect the project during its operation.[51]

Religious traditions

Christianity

Some Christians, such as Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, also have traditions of fasting, in which saints, as well as Jesus, are claimed to have been able to go for a period of time (without any food, or with no food but the Eucharist).[52] Such saints include:

Buddhism

Hinduism

Hindu religious texts contain account of saints and hermits practicing what would be called inedia, breatharianism or Sustenance through Light in modern terms. In Valmiki's Ramayana, Book III, Canto VI, an account of anchorites and holy men is given, who flocked around Rama when he came to Śarabhanga's hermitage. These included, among others, the "...saints who live on rays which moon and daystar give" and "those ... whose food the wave of air supplies". In Canto XI of the same book a hermit named Māṇḍakarṇi is mentioned: "For he, great votarist, intent -- On strictest rule his stern life spent -- ... -- Ten thousand years on air he fed..." (English quotations are from Ralph T. H. Griffith's translation).

Paramahansa Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi details two alleged historical examples of breatharianism, Giri Bala and Therese Neumann.

There are claims that Devraha Baba lived without food.

Taoism

Shamanism

  • Henri Monfort

In popular culture

  • In 1977, Jay Kinney drew an underground comics strip in which the breatharians take over.[citation needed] Also in the comic, McDonald’s and all other restaurants all have scratch and sniff menus, with no actual food.[citation needed]
  • In a television documentary produced by the Israeli television investigative show The Real Face (פנים אמיתיות) hosted by Amnon Levy, Israeli practitioner of Inedia, Ray Maor (ריי מאור), appeared to survive without food or water for eight days and eight nights. According to the documentary, he was restricted to a small villa and placed under constant video surveillance, with medical supervision that included daily blood testing. The documentary claimed Maor was in good spirits throughout the experiment, lost 17 lb after eight days, blood tests showed no change before, during or after the experiment, and Cardiologist Ilan Kitsis from Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center was "baffled."[6][7][8]
  • In NetHack and derivatives, one "conduct" that is tracked by the game involves not using food or water items, instead having to rely on divine intervention and other means to stay alive.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "UK: Scotland Woman 'starved herself to death'". BBC. 21 September 1999. Archived from the original on 2013-04-19. Retrieved 10 March 2008. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Tom Walker, Judith O'Reilly (26 September 1999). "Three deaths linked to 'living on air' cult". Sunday Times (London). 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Swiss woman dies after attempting to live on sunlight; Woman gave up food and water on spiritual journey". Associated Press. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. 
  4. ↑ "What happens to your body as a breatharian? Howstuffworks". Recipes.howstuffworks.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 
  5. ↑ "Hermit Claims 70 Years Survival Without Food". Archived from the original on 2012-12-16. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 http://panim.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1012415
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 http://panim.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=1013939&sid=267
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 http://glz.co.il/1363-28288-HE/Galatz.aspx
  9. ↑ "Rationalists doubt claims made for 'Mataji' Prahalad Jani". Daily News & Analysis. 16 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 19 September 2012. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Rawstorne, Tom (8 May 2010). "The man who says he hasn't eaten or drunk for 70 years: Why are eminent doctors taking him seriously?". Daily Mail. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 14 October 2010. 
  11. ↑ Erik Lacitis (17 June 2013). "Fasting woman to end attempt to 'live on light'". Seattle Times. 
  12. ↑ "Nepalese Buddha Boy 'reappears'". BBC News. 20 March 2006. 
  13. ↑ "paldendorje.com". Archived from the original on 2012-07-12. 
  14. ↑ "The Boy With Divine Powers - Documentary on Buddha Boy". 
  15. ↑ Keith, L. (2009). The Vegetarian Myth: Food, Justice, and Sustainability,. PM Press. ISBN 9781604861822. 
  16. ↑ "Living on air: Breatharian put to the test". Archived from the original on 2 November 2005. 
  17. ↑ "Jasmuheen". Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  18. ↑ "Fresh-air dietician fails TV show's challenge". Yahoo News. 25 October 1999. 
  19. ↑ Harris, Gillian (6 April 2000). "Starvation guru given hostile reception". The Times. 
  20. ↑ "Mysticism". Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  21. ↑ Steiner, Susie (21 September 1999). "Face behind food-free teaching". The Times. 
  22. ↑ "Bent Spoon 2000 – Winner (Jasmuheen)". Archived from the original on 2005-06-16. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  23. ↑ "All they need is the air". BBC News. 22 September 1999. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 11 January 2010. 
  24. ↑ "Correx Archives — Jasmuheen". Corex. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1997. Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  25. ↑ Sands, Judy (27 November 1999). "Prison for air cult disciples". Courier-Mail. 
  26. ↑ "1999 Darwin Award: Breatharianism". Archived from the original on 2013-01-21.  The Darwin Awards. Accessed 3:34 A.M. Eastern Standard Time, 8 July 2012 C.E.
  27. ↑ "Swiss woman starves to death on daylight diet". Herald Sun. 26 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-09-08. Retrieved 26 April 2012.  "This was the fourth known death linked to breatharianism and Jasmuheen's books since the practice emerged in the early 90s."
  28. ↑ Broom, Jack (5 October 1993). "Living On Light, Air – 'Breatharian' Says Food Is Poison But Pops An Occasional Twinkie". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 12 February 2009. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Wiley Brooks website through Internet Archive". Web.archive.org. 11 February 2006. Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 
  30. ↑ John Yewell (ed.). "A Year of Nüz". MetroActive News & Issues. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  31. ↑ "sonoma papers". Metroactive.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 
  32. ↑ Five magic words download (MS Word document)
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 "Wiley Brooks website: Five magic words". Breatharian.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-06. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 
  34. ↑ Q and A five magic words
    "Holy cows section". Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "5 magic words Q&A". Breatharian.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-06. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 
  36. ↑ "Wiley Brooks website: Initiation workshops". Breatharian.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-06. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 
  37. ↑ "Immortality workshop". Archived from the original on 2013-05-06.  Retrieved 21 November 2010
  38. ↑ "Initiation workshops from the Internet Archive". Web.archive.org. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 
  39. ↑ "Fees via Internet archive". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 
  40. ↑ "Initiation workshops through Internet Archive". Archived from the original on 2013-02-25. . Retrieved January 2008.
  41. ↑ "Solar Healing Center". Archived from the original on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 6 February 2012. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Hira Ratan Manek". Archived from the original on 1 March 2005. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  43. ↑ "::: Aims & Objectives Of Jdf :::". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  44. ↑ Vincent J. Daczynski. "Chapter 5". Unexplained Mysteries Prahlad Jani - No Food 65 Years. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  45. ↑ Dr. Sudhir V. Shah. "Prolonged Fasting - How Is It Possible - A Hypothesis". Archived from the original on 2012-07-29. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  46. ↑ Video on YouTube
  47. ↑ Manas Dasgupta (9 May 2010). "The Hindu – DIPAS concludes observational study on ‘Mataji'". Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 15 June 2010. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Experts baffled as Mataji's medical reports are normal". Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. 
  49. ↑ Rajeev Khanna (25 November 2003). "Fasting fakir flummoxes physicians". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  50. ↑ "Scientists Baffled by Prahlad Jani, Man Who Doesn't Eat or Drink". Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Edamaruku, Sanal (18 May 2010). "Prahlad Jani and his powerful protectors". Rationalistinternational.net. Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 14 June 2010. 
  52. ↑ "Patron Saints Index: inedia". Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 7 June 2008. 
  53. ↑ "St. Theoctiste of Lesbos". Russian Orthodox Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 2013-05-06. Retrieved 25 April 2011. 
  54. ↑ 無名比丘尼隨訪錄(救世師父)

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