Industry of Iran
According to a report by the Economist, Iran has been ranked 39th for producing $23 billion of industrial products in 2008.[1] From 2008 to 2009 Iran has leaped to 28th place from 69th place in annual industrial production growth rate.[2]
The government of Iran has plans for the establishment of 50-60 industrial parks by the end of the fifth Five-Year Socioeconomic Development Plan by 2015.[3] Iranian contractors have been awarded several foreign tender contracts in different fields of construction of dams, bridges, roads, buildings, railroads, power generation, and gas, oil and petrochemical industries. As of 2011, some 66 Iranian industrial companies are carrying out projects in 27 countries.[4] Iran has exported over $20 billion worth of technical and engineering services over 2001-2011.[5] The availability of local raw materials, rich mineral reserves, experienced man power have all collectively played crucial role in winning the international bids.[6]
Ministry of Industries and Mines
Ministry of Industries and Mines is in charge of facilitating the expansion and promotion of industrial and mineral policies. The Ministry is also in charge of centralization and integration of policy making in the industrial and mining sector. Finally, this Ministry regulates all strategies, policies and plans relevant to the industrial and mining sector in Iran.[7]
Small and Medium Enterprises
A 2003-report made by United Nations Industrial Development Organization regarding the state of SME's in Iran identified these causes as the ones impeding Iran's industrial development: lack of monitoring institutions, inefficient banking system, lack of sufficient R&D, shortage of managerial skills, corruption, inefficient taxation, socio-cultural apprehensions, absence of social learning loops, lack of familiarity with international markets necessary for global competition, cumbersome bureaucratic procedures, shortage of skilled labor, lack of intellectual property protection, shortage of research centers, lack of social capital, social learning, social responsibility and socio-cultural values.[8]
Despite these problems, recent studies reveal that over the past few years Iran has progressed rapidly in various scientific and technological fields. Major advancements have taken place in the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, aerospace, defense, and heavy industry sectors. Even in the face of U.S. economic sanctions, Iran appears to be emerging as an industrialized country.[9]
Production Statistics
Tehran is the economic centre of Iran.[10] About 30% of Iranβs public-sector workforce and 45% of large industrial firms are located in Tehran and almost half of these workers work for the government.[11]
2003 | 2001 | 1999 | Unit | Product |
---|---|---|---|---|
26390 | 18180 | 12699 | Ton | Preserved fish
(tuna & sardine) |
1264915 | 801395 | 671346 | Ton | Pasteurized milk |
1179139 | 852353 | 950555 | Ton | Vegetable oil |
1495 | 1113 | 923 | Ton | Sugar |
4976 | 4818 | 4418 | Thousand tons | Non-alcoholic
carbonated drink (except buttermilk) |
112 | 60 | 000 | Million bottles | Barley decoction |
13873 | 13359 | 20143 | Million each | Cigarette |
293188 | 388790 | 227599 | Ton | Thread |
396 | 551 | 385 | Million meters | Finished fabric |
41195 | 51875 | 33933 | Thousand square meters | Machine woven
carpet |
81286 | 43014 | 41676 | Thousand square meters | Unwoven textile
floor covering |
11918 | 8166 | 5696 | Thousand each | Blanket |
390210 | 315502 | 359037 | Ton | Paper |
360017 | 306249 | 321232 | Ton | Detergent |
60607 | 75918 | 74984 | Ton | Soap |
1654 | 2351 | 2665 | Million boxes | Matches |
28241 | 24755 | 22219 | Thousand ton | Cement |
103867 | 76827 | 64105 | Thousand square meters | Tiles and ceramic |
490 | 346 | 342 | Each | Combine |
15377 | 12208 | 5173 | Each | Tractor |
1505 | 612 | 532 | Each | Road construction
machinery |
447063 | 212664 | 182504 | Each | Washing machine |
13624 | 24559 | 21198 | Thousand each | Electric sockets
and switches |
399692 | 129256 | 114399 | Each | Radio sets and
record players |
858190 | 807964 | 860403 | Each | Color TV sets |
832420 | 933741 | 599701 | Each | Water counter |
1189912 | 906671 | 842063 | Each | Electricity counters |
663164 | 332643 | 194366 | Each | Motor cars |
1075 | 328 | 353 | Each | Ambulances |
12779 | 4303 | 3938 | Each | Trucks and lorries |
4460 | 1643 | 3783 | Each | Buses |
537 | 3226 | 940 | Each | Mini buses |
69036 | 46639 | 38508 | Each | Vans and Mini
vans |
Food industry
Iran exported $736 million worth of foodstuffs in 2007 and $1 billion (~600,000 tonnes) in 2010.[13] Soft drinks, mineral water, biscuit, chocolate, confection, edible oil, dairies, conserved foods and fruits, jam and jelly, macaroni, fruit juice and yeast were among the main exports to Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and other Central Asian countries, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Syria, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, France, Canada, Venezuela, Japan, South Korea and Turkey.[13][14]
Retail industry
At present the Iranian retail industry is largely in the hands of cooperatives, many of them government-sponsored, and of independent retailers in the bazaars. The bulk of food sales occur at street markets, where the Chief Statistics Bureau sets the prices.[15]
Behpakhsh Co., Golrang Pakhsh and Ghasem Iran are the largest distribution companies in Iran.[citation needed] Ghasem provides more than 80,000 retailers with their requirements of consumer goods within the territories of Iran, Afghanistan, and Iraq.
Iran has 438,478 small grocery retailers.[16] These are especially popular in cities other than Tehran where the number of hypermarkets and supermarkets is still very limited. More mini-markets and supermarkets are emerging, but these are mostly one-off, independently owned operations. The most significant chains are the state-owned Etka, Refah, Shahrvand and Carrefour-owned Hyperstar Market, all of which are gearing up for expansion.[17][18] Migros Turk has also announced that it intends to invest in Iran's lucrative retail market. In 2010, a state-linked technology group (the Rouyesh Technical Centre) established the country's first online supermarket.[19]
Imports still account for a considerable proportion of consumer goods consumption in Iran, and Dubai, United Arab Emirates-based companies meet much of the demand; they re-export from Western and Asian countries, making Iran the UAEβs most important re-export market.[17]
Before the revolution in 1979, Iran was a major importer of Western apparel and foreign-manufactured consumer goods. Even now Iran is no stranger to Western retail influences, with numerous brands and goods available in shopping centers and outlets on Kish Island.
Brands
According to study results Bank Saderat Iran, Hamrah Aval, Iran Khodro, Zar Macaron, Pars Khodro, Steel Alborz, Yek-o-Yek, Golbaft, Takdaneh, Darou Pakhsh, Behrouz, Delpazir, Sepehr Electric, Arjan, Khoshkhab, Novin Zafaran, Havilux, Boof chain restaurants, Telavang and Golrang are the best brands in the country.[20] Hamshahri and Donya-e-Eqtesad newspapers and Movafaqiyat magazine were selected as the best press.[20]
Automotive industry
Iranβs automotive industry is the second most active industry of the country, after its oil and gas industry.[21] Iran's automobile production crossed the 1 million mark in 2005. Iran Khodro is the largest car manufacturer in the Middle-East. It has established joint-ventures with foreign partners on 4 continents. Iran is the 12th largest automaker in the world.
Defense industry
The Iranian defense industry has taken great strides in the past 25 years, and now manufactures many types of arms and equipment, including its own tanks, armored personnel carriers, guided missiles, radar systems, guided missile destroyer, military vessels, submarines, and a fighter plane.[22] According to Iranian officials, the country sold $100 million worth of military equipment in 2003, including NATO members,[23] and as of 2006 had exported weapons to 57 countries.[24][25]
Construction industry
Construction is one of the most important sectors in Iran accounting for 20β50% of the total private investment. The Central Bank of Iran indicate that 70 percent of the Iranians own homes. The housing industry is one of the few segments of the Iranian economy where state capital shares as little as two per cent of the market, and the remaining 98 per cent is private sector investment. There is little red tape or hurdles and, as a result, through launching mass development projects, the use of new technologies and fast-pace project execution, a larger portion of the housing market is accessible. This is also true for new construction materials and technological advances.
Mining and metals
Iran is one of the most important mineral producers in the world, ranked among 15 major mineral-rich countries.[26] The country holds 68 types of minerals, including chrome, lead, zinc, copper, coal, gold, tin and iron.[27]
Textiles and apparel industry
Textile mills, based on domestic cotton and wool such as Tehran Patou and Iran Termeh, among others, employed about 400,000 people in 2000 and are centered in Tehran, Isfahan and along the Caspian coast. Iran, with a population of 70 million, requires 1.4 billion square meters of textiles annually.[28][29] Overseas companies smuggle illegal textiles and apparel into Iran at a rate that is decimating Iran textile manufacturers and costing Iranian jobs. The annual textile production has been restricted to 800 million square meters.[30]
Industry components | Workforce, 1995 | Workforce, 2000 | Share in total manufacturing employment, 1995 (percent) | Share in total manufacturing employment, 2000 (percent) |
Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles | 112,714 | 107,565 | 14.2 | 12.0 |
Other textiles (line, jute, etc.) | 30,879 | 31,794 | 3.9 | 3.5 |
Knitted and crocheted fabrics and articles | 3,631 | 2,459 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Wearing apparel, except fur apparel | 8,608 | 4,800 | 1.1 | 0.5 |
Source: United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)[12]
Further information:
- Textile industry in Iran - Encyclopedia Iranica
- Association of Iran Textile Industries
Aviation industry
Iran is producing 59-seat aircraft inside the country such as HESA IrAn-140 with the help of Russia and Ukraine and it will shift focus to 90 to 120-seat airplanes in the next step.[31] Iran also produces military attack aircraft such as HESA Saeqeh. With a population of 70 million, Iran needs to have 6,300 airplanes while it does not possess more than nine aircraft for every one million individuals.[32]
Pharmaceuticals and healthcare industry
The pharmaceutical industry in Iran began in its modern form in 1920 when the Pasteur Institute was founded. Iran has a well-developed pharmaceutical production capability, however, the country still relies on imports for raw materials and many specialized drugs. In 2009, Iran exported $74 million worth of "medical products" to countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Russia.[33]
Oil, gas and petrochemicals
Iran's oil and gas industry is the most active industry of the country.[21] Iran has the fourth largest reserves of oil and second largest reserves of gas in the world.
Domestic production of equipment in the nation's upstream oil industries has grown four-fold in as many years while procurement of equipment and goods accounts for around 60 to 65 percent of any oil project.[34][35][36][37][38]
Power
Iran has become self-sufficient in designing, building and operating dams and power plants and it has won a good number of international bids in competition with foreign firms.[39][40] Iran is one of the six countries in the world that manufacture gas and steam powered turbines.[41]
Electronics and computer industry
Iranβs domestic consumer electronic market, defined as including computing devices, mobile handsets and video audio and gaming products, was estimated at $7.3 billion in 2008 ($8.2 billion in 2010), with 47% market share for computer hardware, 28% Audio/Video and 25% mobile phone (with growing demand for PDAs, smart phones and 3G handsets).[42][43] Business Monitor International (BMI) forecasts that Iranβs demands for domestic consumer electronic devices will reach $10 billion by 2013.[42]
Telecommunications
Iran is among the first five countries which have had a growth rate of over 20% and the highest level of development in telecommunication.[44][45] Iran's Ministry of Communication and Information Technology along with TCI are developing the landline telephone network in the towns of Karbala and Najaf in Iraq.[46]
Banking industry
Shariah-compliant assets has reached about $400 billion throughout the world, according to Standard & Poorβs Ratings Services, and the potential market is $4 trillion.[47][48] Iran, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia are at the top with the biggest sharia-compliant assets.[49] Bank Melli, Saderat and Sepah are Iran's three largest banks.[50]
Tourism industry
Officials state that Iran has in recent years earned about US$1bn a year from tourism. Iran currently ranks 68th in tourism revenues worldwide. Iran with attractive natural and historical sites is rated among the "10 most touristic countries" in the world. Area considered for further expansion in the tourism sector in Iran are eco tourism, coastlines, restoration of historical relics, handicraft townships, and health tourism (e.g. water therapy).
Naval industry
Over the next two decades, Iran would need 500 new ships, including 120 oil tankers, 40 liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers and over 300 commercial vessels.[51] In 2009, in a move aimed at further enhancing Iran's shipbuilding industry, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said he will ban the purchase of foreign ships by Iranian organizations.[52] The Ministry of Commerce has confirmed that Iran is able to build all its needed sea fleets inside the country.[53] Iran's SADRA launched its first Aframax oil tanker made for Venezuela in 2012.[54]
Machine tools
Machine Sazi Tabriz Group has managed to manufacture machines such as VMC850, VMC 1050, FP4ME, TME40NEW, and TC-20 HF and it has exported turning and milling machineries worth β¬1.5 million to Germany, Austria, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Malaysia during 2011.[55]
See also
- Economy of Iran
- Foreign Direct Investment in Iran
- Labor and tax laws in Iran
- Economic history of Iran
- Bonyad
- Bank of Industry and Mine
- List of Iranian companies
- Iran Chamber of Commerce Industries and Mines
- Industrial Development and Renovation Organization of Iran (IDRO)
- Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran
- Science and technology in Iran
- Privatization in Iran
- Tehran Stock Exchange
- International rankings of Iran
- Environmental issues in Iran
- Industry
- Machine tool
References
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- β "Iran advances 41 places in industrial production". tehran times. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- β retrieved 12 February 2008
- β "No. 3921 | Domestic Economy | Page 4". Irandaily. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- β http://www.tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/97519-technical-engineering-exports-surpass-20-billion-over-a-decade
- β http://en.tpo.ir/documents/document/11970/12498/Technical-Engineering-Services.aspx
- β 7.0 7.1 http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf
- β UNIDO: Iran's Small and Medium Enterprises retrieved February 2, 2010
- β Torbat, Akbar (2010): Industrialization and Dependency: the Case of Iran. ECO Economic Journal. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
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- β http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf
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- β 17.0 17.1 http://www.euromonitor.com/Retailing_in_Iran
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- β Tait, Robert (2010-02-04). "Iran launches first online supermarket". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- β 20.0 20.1 http://www.payvand.com/news/09/dec/1164.html
- β 21.0 21.1 "Resources - Iranβs Automotive Industry Overview". Atieh Bahar. 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- β Iran Launches Production of Stealth Sub. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
- β "Irna". Irna.ir. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
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- β "No Operation". Presstv.com. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- β
- β "Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 04/29/07". Web.archive.org. 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- β Fars News Agency: Iran Ready for Sudden Cut in Gas Supplies Retrieved July 26, 2010
- β SHANA: Share of domestically made equipments on the rise Retrieved July 26, 2010
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- β "Iran to build power plants in Ecuador". Payvand.com. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- β http://tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/99706-official-iran-now-among-worlds-6-turbine-manufacturers
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- β
- β "Iran, biggest Shariah-compliant market: The Banker". Payvand.com. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- β "Iran 2nd in Islamic Banking Assets". Zawya. 2009-12-11. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
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- β http://presstv.com/detail/2012/07/24/252580/iran-sadra-launches-1st-aframax-tanker/
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External links
- / Behrouznik Food Ind.
- Ministry of industries and mines - Iran
- List of Industrial Parks near Tehran
- Annual Review by the Central Bank of Iran, including macro-economic and sector specific data/statistics about industry.
- Iran Small Industries & Industrial Parks Organization (ISIPO)
- Best miniature ceramic manufacturers in Iran Best miniature ceramic manufacturers in Iran
- Technology Parks in Iran - The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
- Iran industrial database
- List of Iranian Industry Associations
- Iran industrial production statistics - UNIDO
- Potential Export Comparative Advantages of Industry & Mine - Trade Promotion Organization of Iran