Indian rope trick

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The Indian rope trick is stage magic said to have been performed in and around India during the 19th century. Sometimes described as "the world’s greatest illusion", it reputedly involved a magician, a length of rope, and one or more boy assistants.

In the 1990s the trick was said by some western magicians to be a hoax perpetrated in 1890 by John Elbert Wilkie of the Chicago Tribune newspaper. It was claimed there were no known references to the trick predating 1890, and later stage magic performances of the trick were inspired by Wilkie's account. But this claim redefines what the Indian rope trick is. For many decades, previous commentators had accepted that accounts from the 9th century (by Shankara), the 14th century (Ibn Batuta), and the 17th century (Mughal Emperor Jahangir), were versions of the trick, but this was now being denied. See below under "explanation."

The trick

Although diverse accounts of the trick have appeared in print it remains essentially the same. There are three basic variants, which differ in the degree of theatricality displayed by the magician and his helper:

• In the simplest version, a long piece of rope would be left in a basket and placed in an open field, usually by a fakir. The rope would levitate, with no external support. His boy assistant, Jamoora, would climb the rope and then descend.

• A more elaborate version would find the magician (or his assistant) disappearing after reaching the top of the rope, then reappearing at ground level.

• The "classic" version, however, was much more detailed: the rope would seem to rise high into the skies, disappearing from view. The boy would climb the rope and be lost to view. The magician would call back his boy assistant, and, on getting no response, become furious. The magician would then arm himself with a knife or sword, climb the rope, and vanish as well. An argument would be heard, and then limbs would start falling, presumably cut from the assistant by the magician. When all the parts of the body, including the torso, landed on the ground, the magician would climb down the rope. He would collect the limbs and put them in a basket, or collect the limbs in one place and cover them with a cape or blanket. Soon the boy would appear, restored.

Lt Col Elliot of the London Magic Circle, when offering a substantial reward in the 1930s for an outdoor performance, found it necessary to define the trick. He demanded that "the rope must be thrown into the air and defy the force of gravity, while someone climbs it and disappears."^[1]

The accounts

In his commentary on Gaudapada's explanation of the Mandukya Upanishad, the 9th century Hindu teacher Shankara, illustrating a philosophical point, wrote of a juggler who throws a thread up into the sky; he climbs up it carrying arms and goes out of sight; he engages in a battle in which he is cut into pieces which fall down; finally he arises again. A few words further on Shankara referred to the principle underlying the trick, saying that the juggler who ascends is different from the real juggler who stands unseen, "veiled magically," on the ground.^[2] In Shankara's commentary on the Vedanta Sutra (also called the Brahma Sutra) he mentioned that the juggler who climbs up the rope to the sky is illusory, and so is only fancied to be different from the real juggler who is hidden on the ground.^[3] The fact that Shankara referred to the trick's method was pointed out in 1934 in a discussion of the Indian rope trick in the Indian press.^[4] These Sanskrit texts of Shankara are the basis for the claim that the trick is of great antiquity in India.

Edward Melton, an Anglo-Dutch traveler, described a performance he saw in Batavia about 1670 by a troupe of Chinese jugglers. Grasping one end of a ball of cord in his hand, a juggler threw up the ball which went out of sight, then swiftly climbed the vertical cord until he, too, was out of sight. Body pieces fell and were placed in a basket. Finally the basket was upturned, the body pieces fell out topsy turvy, and Melton "saw all those limbs creep together again," the man being restored to life. A detailed engraved illustration accompanied this account.^[5]

It is commonly believed that Marco Polo (1254–1324), a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his Asiatic travels, witnessed the rope trick in India and China. Ibn Batuta, when recounting his travels through Hangzhou, China in 1346, describes a trick broadly similar to the Indian rope trick.

Pu Songling records a version in Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (1740) which he claims to have witnessed personally. In his account, a request by a mandarin that a wandering magician produce a peach in the dead of winter results in the trick's performance, on the pretence of getting a peach from the Gardens of Heaven. The magician's son climbs the rope, vanishes from sight, and then (supposedly) tosses down a peach, before being "caught by the Garden's guards" and "killed", with his dismembered body falling from above in the traditional manner. (Interestingly enough, in this version the magician himself never climbs the rope) After placing the parts in a basket, the magician gives the mandarin the peach and requests payment. As soon as he is paid, his son emerges alive from the basket. Songling claims the trick was a favorite of the White Lotus Society and that the magician must have learnt it from them, though he gives no indication where (or how) he learnt this.

It is said that similar tricks were performed during the Mughal Empire (16th-19th centuries). They reputedly occurred in the Indian subcontinent from Peshawar to Dhaka, and at important centres of Mughal powers, including Murshidabad, Patna, Agra, and Delhi. During the British Raj, the trick was allegedly witnessed around 1850 and 1900. The Chicago Tribune, in 1890, published an article about the trick, written by a journalist using the false name of Fred S. Ellmore—a story which was repeated in several other newspapers without its authenticity first being verified.^{[citation needed]} Latest performance of this trick, partially though is reported by BBC in 1990s from India by Magicians Inshamudheen Delhi and Padmaraj

Skepticism

There had long been scepticism regarding the trick. In 1934 the Occult Committee of The Magic Circle, convinced the trick did not exist, offered five hundred guineas to anyone who could perform it. A man named Karachi, (real name Arthur Claude Darby), a British performer based in Plymouth, endeavoured to perform the trick with his son, Kyder, on 7 January 1935 on a field in Wheathampstead, north of Hatfield in Hertfordshire, after being granted four days to prepare the site. The presentation was filmed by Gaumont British Films. His son could climb the rope but did not disappear, and Karachi was not paid.

In 1935, Karachi sent a challenge to the sceptics, for 200 guineas to be deposited with a neutral party who would decide if the rope trick was performed satisfactorily. His terms were that the rope shall rise up through his hands while in a sitting posture, to a height of ten feet, his son Kyder would then climb the rope and remain at the top for a minimum of 30 seconds and be photographed. The rope shall be an ordinary rope supplied by a well known manufacturer and shall be examined. The place could be any open area chosen by the neutral party and agreed to by the conjurers and the spectators could be anywhere in front of the carpet Karachi would be seated on. However the conjurers refused to accept Karachi's challenge.

In 1941, the magician Joseph Dunninger revealed how the Indian rope trick could be performed by camera trickery.^[6]

In 1996, Nature published "Unraveling the Indian rope trick", by Richard Wiseman and Peter Lamont.

Wiseman found at least 50 eyewitness accounts of the trick performed during late 19th/early 20th centuries, and variations included:

• The magician's assistant climbs the rope and the magic ends.
• The assistant climbs the rope, vanishes, and then again appears.
• The assistant vanishes, and appears from some other place.
• The assistant vanishes, and reappears from a place which had remained in full view of the audience.
• The boy vanishes, and does not return.

Accounts collected by Wiseman did not have any single account describing severing of the limbs of the magician's assistant. Perhaps more important, he found the more spectacular accounts were only given when the incident lay decades in the past. It is conceivable that in the witnesses' memory the rope trick merged with the basket trick.

Citing their work, historian Mike Dash wrote in 2000:

Ranking their cases in order of impressiveness, Wiseman and Lamont discovered that the average lapse of time between the event and witness's report of the event was a mere four years in the least notable examples, but a remarkable forty-one years in the case of the most complex and striking accounts. This suggests that the witnesses embroidered their stories over the years, perhaps in telling and retelling their experiences. After several decades, what might have originally been a simple trick had become a highly elaborate performance in their minds ... How, though, did these witnesses come to elaborate their tales in such a consistent way? One answer would be that they already knew, or subsequently discovered, how the full-blown Indian rope trick was supposed to look, and drew on this knowledge when embroidering their accounts. (Dash, 321)

The explanation

There are various explanations of the trick as stage magic. The trick was performed between two trees or similarly placed objects, and at night. A strong, narrow wire was placed between the trees, and when the rope was thrown above, it got hooked up with the string. This allowed the boy to climb, though not to vanish or be dismembered.

However, in his book on the topic, Peter Lamont claimed the story of the trick resulted from a hoax created by John Elbert Wilkie while working at Chicago Tribune. Under the name "Fred S. Ellmore" ("Fred Sell More") Wilkie wrote of the trick in 1890, gaining the Tribune wide publicity. About four months later, the Tribune printed a retraction and proclaimed the story a hoax. However, the retraction received little attention, and in the following years many claimed to remember having seen the trick as far back as the 1850s. According to Lamont, none of these stories proved credible, but with every repetition the story became more ingrained and was really only a myth.

Lamont also claimed that no mention appears in writings before the 1890 article. He argued that Ibn Batuta did report a magic trick with a thong, and Jahangir with a chain, not a rope, and the tricks they described are different from the "classic" Indian rope trick. He said that the descriptions of the trick in Yule's editions (1870s) of Marco Polo's book are not in the body of the work, but in a footnote by Yule, and only refer to these non-classic accounts.

Lamont's popular but controversial work dismissed important accounts such as Shankara's and Melton's as irrelevant to his theme. This is because his book is not really about the trick itself, but about what he called the 20th century legend of it being Indian, the fame of the trick, which peaked in the 1930s. It is this fame, chapter 8 of his book claimed, which originated from Wilkie's hoax.

Penn and Teller followed Lamont's work and examined the trick while filming their three-part CBC mini-series, Penn & Teller's Magic and Mystery Tour. The tour travelled the world investigating historical tricks, and while in India they travelled to Agra where they recreated the trick.

Penn and Teller invited two British tourists shopping nearby to see what they claimed was a fakir performing the trick. As they walked back, an assistant ran up and claimed the fakir was in the midst of the trick, so they rushed the rest of the way so they wouldn't miss it. As the witnesses neared the room they dropped a thick rope from a balcony. The witnesses saw what they thought was the end of the trick, the rope falling as if it had been in mid-air seconds before. A sheet was then removed from a boy with fake blood at his neck and shoulders, hinting that his limbs and head had been reattached to his torso. According to their account, the rumour that a British couple had witnessed the trick was heard a few weeks later in England.

References

• Mike Dash, Borderlands: The Ultimate Exploration of the Unknown; Overlook Press, 2000; ISBN 0-87951-724-7
• Wiseman, R. & Lamont, P., Unravelling the rope trick. Nature, 383 (1996), 212-13.
• Lamont, P. & Wiseman, R. The rise and fall of the Indian rope trick. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 65 (2001), 175-93.
• Peter Lamont , The Rise of the Indian Rope Trick: How a Spectacular Hoax Became a History, 2005; ISBN 1-56025-661-3.
• Dr. Karl Shuker, The Unexplained: An Illustrated Guide To The World’s Natural And Paranormal Mysteries (Carlton: London, 1996; ISBN 1-85868-186-3).

External links

• BBC video showing rope trick performed in daylight (viewable within UK only)
• The Rise of the Indian Rope Trick
• Indian rope trick (on Altered Dimensions)
• Indian rope trick - ABC audio clip
• Indian rope trick - The Straight Dope
• Peter Lamont's Homepage
• The rise and fall of the Indian rope trick (Lamont & Wiseman)
• Indian Magicians Web Site

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