Indian Railways

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This article is about the organisation. For general information on railways in India, see Rail transport in India.
Indian Railways
Type Company
Industry Railways
Founded April 16, 1853 (1853-04-16)[1]
Headquarters New Delhi, India
Area served India
Services Passenger railways
Freight services
Parcel carrier
Catering and Tourism Services
Parking lot operations
Other related services
Revenue Increase INR1256.8 billion (US$20 billion) (2012–13)[2]
Net income Increase INR104.1 billion (US$1.7 billion) (2012–13)[2]
Owner(s) Government of India (100%)
Employees 1.3 million (2012)[3]
Parent Ministry of Railways through Railway Board (India)
Divisions 17 Railway Zones
Website www.indianrailways.gov.in
Indian Railways
Reporting mark IR
Locale India
Dates of operation 16 April 1853 (1853-04-16)–Present
Track gauge 1676 mm; 1000 mm; 762 mm; 610 mm
Electrification 23,541 km
Length 65,000 km
Headquarters New Delhi, India
Website www.indianrailways.gov.in
M. Mallikarjun Kharge
Minister of Railways
Incumbent
Assumed office
17th June 2013
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
Preceded by C. P. Joshi
Constituency Gulbarga
Personal details
Born (1942-07-21) 21 July 1942
Warwatti, Bidar, India
Political party INC
Spouse(s) Radhabai Kharge
Occupation Lawyer
Religion Buddhism

Indian Railways (reporting mark IR / भा. रे) is an Indian state-owned enterprise, owned and operated by the Government of India through the Ministry of Railways. It is one of the world's largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km (71,000 mi) of track over a route of 65,000 km (40,000 mi) and 7,500 stations. As of December 2012, it transported over 25 million passengers daily (over 9 billion on an annual basis). In 2011, IR carried over 8,900 million passengers annually or more than 24 million passengers daily (roughly half of which were suburban passengers) and 2.8 million tons of freight daily. In 2011–2012 Indian Railways had revenues of INR1119848.9 million (US$18 billion) which consists of INR696759.7 million (US$11 billion) from freight and INR286455.2 million (US$4.6 billion) from passengers tickets.

Railways were first introduced to India in 1853 from Bombay to Thane. In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one unit, the Indian Railways, becoming one of the largest networks in the world. IR operates both long distance and suburban rail systems on a multi-gauge network of broad, metre and narrow gauges. It also owns locomotive and coach production facilities at several places in India and are assigned codes identifying their gauge, kind of power and type of operation. Its operations cover twenty eight states and seven union territories and also provides limited international services to Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

Indian Railways is the world's ninth largest commercial or utility employer, by number of employees, with over 1.4 million employees. As for rolling stock, IR holds over 239,281 Freight Wagons, 59,713 Passenger Coaches and 9,549 Locomotives (43 steam, 5,197 diesel and 4,309 electric locomotives). The trains have a 5 digit numbering system as the Indian Railways runs about 10,000 trains daily. As of 31 March 2013, 23,541 km (14,628 mi) (36%) of the total 65,000 km (40,000 mi) km route length was electrified.[4] Since 1960, almost all electrified sections on IR use 25,000 Volt AC traction through overhead catenary delivery.

History

Main article: History of rail transport in India
India's first train run between Bombay and Thane
The B.B. & C.I. Railway Head Offices, 1905

The history of rail transport in India began in the mid-nineteenth century. The core of the pressure for building Railways In India came from London. In 1848, there was not a single kilometre of railway line in India. A British engineer, Robert Maitland Brereton, was responsible for the expansion of the railways from 1857 onwards. The Allahabad-Jabalpur branch line of the East Indian Railway had been opened in June 1867. Brereton was responsible for linking this with the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, resulting in a combined network of 6,400 km (4,000 mi). Hence it became possible to travel directly from Bombay to Calcutta. This route was officially opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Verne's book Around the World in Eighty Days. At the opening ceremony, the Viceroy Lord Mayo concluded that “it was thought desirable that, if possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country should be covered with a network of lines in a uniform system”.[5]

Map of the completed and planned railway lines in India in 1871, thirteen years after the end of Company rule.

By 1875, about £95 million were invested by British companies in India guaranteed railways.[6] By 1880 the network had a route mileage of about 14,500 km (9,000 mi), mostly radiating inward from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. By 1895, India had started building its own locomotives, and in 1896 sent engineers and locomotives to help build the Uganda Railways.

In 1900, the GIPR became a government owned company. The network spread to the modern day states of Assam, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh and soon various autonomous kingdoms began to have their own rail systems. In 1905, an early Railway Board was constituted, but the powers were formally vested under Lord Curzon.[7] It served under the Department of Commerce and Industry and had a government railway official serving as chairman, and a railway manager from England and an agent of one of the company railways as the other two members. For the first time in its history, the Railways began to make a profit.

In 1907 almost all the rail companies were taken over by the government. The following year, the first electric locomotive made its appearance. With the arrival of World War I, the railways were used to meet the needs of the British outside India. With the end of the war, the railways were in a state of disrepair and collapse.

In 1920, with the network having expanded to 61,220 km (38,040 mi), a need for central management was mooted by Sir William Acworth. Based on the East India Railway Committee chaired by Acworth, the government took over the management of the Railways and detached the finances of the Railways from other governmental revenues.

The period between 1920 and 1929 was a period of economic boom; there were 41,000 mi (66,000 km) of railway lines serving the country; the railways represented a capital value of some 687 million sterling; and they carried over 620 million passengers and approximately 90 million tons of goods each year.[8] Following the Great Depression, the railways suffered economically for the next eight years. The Second World War severely crippled the railways. Starting 1939, about 40% of the rolling stock including locomotives and coaches was taken to the Middle East, the railways workshops were converted to ammunitions workshops and many railway tracks were dismantled to help the Allies in the war. By 1946 all rail systems had been taken over by the government.

Organisational structure

Main article: Indian Railway organisational structure
Indian Railways headquarters Delhi

Railway zones

Indian Railways is divided into several zones, which are further sub-divided into divisions. The number of zones in Indian Railways increased from six to eight in 1951, nine in 1952 and sixteen in 2003 and now seventeen.[9][10] Each zonal railway is made up of a certain number of divisions, each having a divisional headquarters. There are a total of sixty-eight divisions.[3][11]

Each of the seventeen zones is headed by a general manager who reports directly to the Railway Board. The zones are further divided into divisions under the control of divisional railway managers (DRM). The divisional officers of engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal and telecommunication, accounts, personnel, operating, commercial, security and safety branches report to the respective Divisional Manager and are in charge of operation and maintenance of assets. Further down the hierarchy tree are the station masters who control individual stations and the train movement through the track territory under their stations' administration.

Zonal railways details

Indian Railway zonal map.
Sl. No Name Abbr. Date Established Route km Headquarters Divisions Image
1. Central CR 5 November 1951 3905 Mumbai Mumbai, Bhusawal, Pune, Solapur, Nagpur
2. East Central ECR 1 October 2002 3628 Hajipur Danapur, Dhanbad, Mughalsarai, Samastipur, Sonpur
3. East Coast ECoR 1 April 2003 2677 Bhubaneswar Khurda Road, Sambalpur and Waltair (Visakhapatnam)
4. Eastern ER April 1952 2414 Kolkata Howrah, Sealdah, Asansol, Malda
5. North Central NCR 1 April 2003 3151 Allahabad Allahabad, Agra, Jhansi
6. North Eastern NER 1952 3667 Gorakhpur Izzatnagar, Lucknow, Varanasi
7. North Western NWR 1 October 2002 5459 Jaipur Jaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur
8. Northeast Frontier NFR 15 January 1958 3907 Guwahati Alipurduar, Katihar, Rangia, Lumding, Tinsukia
9. Northern NR 14 April 1952 6968 Delhi Delhi, Ambala, Firozpur, Lucknow, Moradabad
10. South Central SCR 2 October 1966 5803 Secunderabad Vijayawada, Hyderabad, Guntakal, Guntur, Nanded, Secunderabad
11. South East Central SECR 1 April 2003 2447 Bilaspur Bilaspur, Raipur, Nagpur
12. South Eastern SER 1955 2631 Kolkata Adra, Chakradharpur, Kharagpur, Ranchi
13. South Western SWR 1 April 2003 3177 Hubli Hubli, Bangalore, Mysore
14. Southern SR 14 April 1951 5098 Chennai Chennai, Trichy, Madurai, Salem,[12] Palakkad, Thiruvananthapuram
15. West Central WCR 1 April 2003 2965 Jabalpur Jabalpur, Bhopal, Kota
16. Western WR 5 November 1951 6182 Mumbai Mumbai Central, Ratlam, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Vadodara
17. Kolkata Metro Railway KMR 29 December 2010 Kolkata Kolkata metropolitan area,South 24 Parganas,North 24 Parganas
Total 64106
A modern pantograph. The device shown is technically a half-pantograph.

Recruitment and training

Main article: Centralised Training Institutes of the Indian Railways

Staff are classified into gazetted (Group 'A' and 'B') and non-gazetted (Group 'C' and 'D') employees.[13] The recruitment of Group 'A' gazetted employees is carried out by the Union Public Service Commission through exams conducted by it.[14] The recruitment to Group 'C' and 'D' employees on the Indian Railways is done through 20 Railway Recruitment Boards and Railway Recruitment Cells which are controlled by the Railway Recruitment Control Board (RRCB).[15] The training of all cadres is entrusted and shared between six centralised training institutes.

Production units

CLW made WAP-5 30022(CLW made WAP-5 locos don't have fluted body shell) rests at Bhopal
WDP4 Diesel Locomotive Baaz which is now at New Jalpaiguri

Indian Railways manufactures much of its rolling stock and heavy engineering components at its six manufacturing plants, called Production Units, which are managed directly by the Ministry. Popular rolling stock builders such as CLW and DLW for electric and diesel locomotives; ICF and RCF for passenger coaches are Production Units of Indian Railways. Over the years, Indian Railways has not only achieved self-sufficiency in production of rolling stock in the country but also exported rolling stock to other countries. Each of these production units is headed by a general manager, who also reports directly to the Railway Board. The production units are:-

Name Abbr. Year Established Location Main products
Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop JLW 1862 Jamalpur Diesel/Electric Loco maintenance.
Golden Rock Railway Workshop GOC 1928 Trichy Diesel-electric Locomotives
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works CLW 1947 Chittaranjan, Asansol Electric Locomotives
Diesel Locomotive Works DLW 1961 Varanasi Diesel Locomotives
Diesel-Loco Modernisation Works DMW 1981 Patiala Diesel-electric Locomotives
Integral Coach Factory ICF 1952 Chennai Passenger coaches
Rail Coach Factory RCF 1986 Kapurthala Passenger coaches
Rail Spring Karkhana RSK 1988 Gwalior Passenger coach springs
Rail Wheel Factory RWF 1984 Bangalore Railway wheels and axles
Rail Wheel Factory RWF 2012 Chhapra Railway wheels
Rail Coach Factory, Raebareli RCF 2012 Raebareli Passenger coaches

Other subsidiaries

There also exist independent organisations under the control of the Railway Board for electrification, modernisation, research and design and training of officers, each of which is headed by an officer of the rank of general manager. A number of Public Sector Undertakings, which perform railway-related functions ranging from consultancy to ticketing, are also under the administrative control of the Ministry of railways.

There are fourteen public undertakings under the administrative control of the Ministry of Railways,[16] viz.

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), that has constructed and operates Delhi Metro network, is an independent organisation not connected to the Indian Railways. Similar metro rail corporations in other cities (except Kolkata Metro in Kolkata) are not connected to the Indian Railways.

Rolling stock

Locomotives

Two historical steam engines at water refilling station at Agra station
A Beyer Garratt 6594 Engine seen at the National Rail Museum

Locomotives in India consist of electric and diesel locomotives. Biodiesel locomotives are also being used on experimental basis.[18] Steam locomotives are no longer used, except in heritage trains. Locomotives are also called locos or engines. In India, locomotives are classified according to their track gauge, motive power, the work they are suited for and their power or model number. The class name includes this information about the locomotive. It comprises 4 or 5 letters. The first letter denotes the track gauge. The second letter denotes their motive power (Diesel or Electric) and the third letter denotes the kind of traffic for which they are suited (goods, passenger, mixed or shunting). The fourth letter used to denote locomotives' chronological model number. However, from 2002 a new classification scheme has been adopted. Under this system, for newer diesel locomotives, the fourth letter will denote their horsepower range. Electric locomotives don't come under this scheme and even all diesel locos are not covered. For them this letter denotes their model number as usual.

A locomotive may sometimes have a fifth letter in its name which generally denotes a technical variant or subclass or subtype. This fifth letter indicates some smaller variation in the basic model or series, perhaps different motors, or a different manufacturer. With the new scheme for classifying diesel locomotives (as mentioned above) the fifth item is a letter that further refines the horsepower indication in 100 hp increments: 'A' for 100 hp, 'B' for 200 hp, 'C' for 300 hp, etc. So in this scheme, a WDM-3A refers to a 3100 hp loco, while a WDM-3F would be a 3600 hp loco.

Note: This classification system does not apply to steam locomotives in India as they have become non-functional now. They retained their original class names such as M class or WP class.

As of 31 March 2012, Indian Railways had 5,197 diesel locomotives (increased from 17 on 31 March 1951), 4,309 electric locomotives (increased from 72 on 31 March 1951) and 43 steam locomotives (decreased from 8,120 on 31 March 1951) (see Railway Budget 2012–13 Explanatory Memorandum).

Diesel Locomotives are now fitted with Auxiliary Power Units which saves nearly 88% of Fuel during the idle time when train is not running.[19]

Goods wagons or freight cars

The number of freight car or goods wagons was 205,596 on 31 March 1951 and reached the maximum number 405,183 on 31 March 1980 after which it started declining and was 239,321 on 31 March 2012. The number is far less than the requirement and the Indian Railways keeps losing freight traffic to road. Indian Railways carried 93 million tonnes of goods in 1950–51 and it increased to 1010 million tonnes in 2012–13.[20]

However, its share in goods traffic is much lower than road traffic. In 1951, its share was 65% and the share of road was 35%. Now the shares have been reversed and the share of railways has declined to 30% and the share of road has increased to 70%.

Passenger coaches

Indian railways has several types of passenger coaches.

Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) coaches are used for suburban traffic in large cities – mainly Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Pune, Hyderabad and Bangalore. These coaches numbered 7,793 on 31 March 2012. They have second class and first class seating accommodation.

Passenger coaches numbered 46,722 on 31 March 2012. Other coaches (luggage coach, parcel van, guard's coach, mail coach, etc.) numbered 6,560 on 31 March 2012.

Freight

Indian Railways earns about 70% of its revenues from the freight traffic (Rs. 686.2 billion from freight and Rs. 304.6 billion from passengers in 2011–12). Most of its profits come from movement of freight. It makes a loss on passenger traffic. It deliberately keeps its passenger fares low and cross-subsidises the loss-making passenger traffic with the profit-making freight traffic.

Since the 1990s, Indian Railways has stopped single-wagon consignments and provides only full rake freight trains

Wagon types

Wagon types include:

  • BOXNHL
  • BOBYN

Technical details

Track and gauge

Indian railways uses four gauges, the 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge which is wider than the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge; the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge; and two narrow gauges, 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 610 mm (2 ft). Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 75 to 160 km/h (47 to 99 mph).

The total length of track used by Indian Railways is about 115,000 km (71,000 mi) while the total route length of the network is 65,000 km (40,000 mi).[21] About 23,541 km (14,628 mi) or 36% of the route-kilometre was electrified as on 31 March 2013.[4]

Narrow Gauge Train at Rajim, Chhattisgarh
Indian gauge is the predominant gauge used by Indian Railways.

Broad gauge is the predominant gauge used by Indian Railways. Indian broad gauge—1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)—is the most widely used gauge in India with 105,000 km (65,000 mi) of track length (91% of entire track length of all the gauges) and 56,000 km (35,000 mi) of route-kilometre (86% of entire route-kilometre of all the gauges).

In some regions with less traffic, the metre gauge (1,000 mm/​3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) is common, although the Unigauge project is in progress to convert all tracks to broad gauge. The metre gauge has about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) of track length (7% of entire track length of all the gauges) and 7,000 km (4,300 mi) of route-kilometre (10% of entire route-kilometre of all the gauges).

The Narrow gauges are present on a few routes, lying in hilly terrains and in some erstwhile private railways (on cost considerations), which are usually difficult to convert to broad gauge. Narrow gauges have 2,000 route-kilometre. The Kalka-Shimla Railway, the Kangra Valley Railway and the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway are three notable hill lines that use narrow gauge, but the Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a metre gauge track.[22] These four rail lines will not be converted under the Unigauge project.

Map of Indian Railways network with population density

The share of broad gauge in the total route-kilometre has been steadily rising, increasing from 47% (25,258 route-km) in 1951 to 86% in 2012 whereas the share of metre gauge has declined from 45% (24,185 route-km) to 10% in the same period and the share of narrow gauges has decreased from 8% to 3%. About 21,500 route-km of Indian railways is electrified.

Sleepers (ties) are made up of prestressed concrete, or steel or cast iron posts, though teak sleepers are still in use on a few older lines. The prestressed concrete sleeper is in wide use today. Metal sleepers were extensively used before the advent of concrete sleepers. Indian Railways divides the country into four zones on the basis of the range of track temperature. The greatest temperature variations occur in Rajasthan.

Research and Development

In August 2013, Indian Railways entered into a partnership with Indian Institute of Technology (Madras) to develop technology to tap solar energy for lighting and air-conditioning in the coaches. This would pave way for a significant reduction of fossil fuel dependency for one of the world's largest railway network.[23]

Recently it ingeniously developed and tested the Improved Automated Fire Alarm System in Rajdhani Express Trains. This System would now be applied to AC coaches of all regular trains.[24]

Mascot

Bholu the official mascot of Indian Railways

Bholu or Bholu the guard elephant is the mascot of Indian Railways. The mascot, a cartoon of an elephant holding a signal lamp with green light in one hand, was initially designed for Indian Railways' 150th year commemoration events and was unveiled on 16 April 2002 in Bangalore. Later in 2003, Indian Railways decided to permanently retain it as the official mascot.[25] The icon was placed on the reverse of a coin.[26] Bholu is presented as a train guard and he holds a signal lamp with green light in one hand.[27] The green light is the symbol of movement which assures trains and passengers to go ahead with safety and without fear.[28][29] it is also the most universally accepted symbol of train running and interaction with passengers. He not only denotes stability but also represents the workforce of the Railways. He is with the train passengers at all times, day and night, and, as train in-charge, is responsible for the safety of a running train and the well-being of passengers. The green light in his hand symbolises movement, the intention to go ahead with safety and positivism.

Railway links to adjacent countries

Existing rail links:

  • Nepal – Break-of-gauge – Gauge conversion under uni-gauge project
  • Pakistan – same Broad Gauge. Thar Express to Karachi and the more famous Samjhauta Express international train from Lahore, Pakistan to Amritsar (Attari).
  • Bangladesh – Same Broad Gauge. The Maitri Express between Dhaka and Kolkata started in April 2008 using the Gede-Darsana route, in addition to a Freight Train service from Singhabad and Petrapole in India to Rohanpur and Benapole in Bangladesh A second passenger link between Agartala, India and Akhaura Upazila, Bangladesh was approved by the Government of Bangladesh and India in September 2011.[30]

Under construction / Proposed links:

  • Bhutan – railways under construction – Same gauge
  • Myanmar – Manipur to Myanmar (under construction)
  • Vietnam – On 9 April 2010, Former Union Minister of India, Shashi Tharoor announced that the central government is considering a rail link from Manipur to Vietnam via Myanmar.[31]
  • Thailand – possible if Burma Railway is rebuilt.[32]

Types of passenger services

Trains are classified by their average speed.[33] A faster train has fewer stops ("halts") than a slower one and usually caters to long-distance travel.

Rank Train Description
1 Duronto Express These are the non-stop (except for operational stops) point to point rail services introduced for the first time in 2009. They connect the metros and major state capitals of India and are faster than Rajdhani Express. They provide first AC, two-tier AC and three-tier AC accommodation. Some of them provide Sleeper Class accommodation.
2 Rajdhani Express These are air-conditioned trains linking major cities to New Delhi. They have high priority and are one of the fastest trains in India, travelling at about 130 km/h (82 mph). They have only a few stops.
3 Shatabdi Express The Shatabdi trains are air-conditioned intercity trains for travel during day. They have seats and executive class seats. Some of them 3-tier AC berths. They are the fastest trains in India, travelling at about 144 km/h.
4 Garib Rath Air-conditioned no-frills trains with seats and 3-tier Economy AC berths. The maximum speed is 130 km/h.
5 Jan Shatabdi Express Jan Shatabdi Express are a more affordable variety of the Shatabdi Express, which have both AC and non-AC classes. The maximum speed is 130 km/h.
6 Intercity Superfast Express/Mail These are trains that have an average speed greater than 80 km/h (50 mph). Tickets for these trains have an additional superfast surcharge.
7 Express These are the most common kind of trains in India. They have more stops than their super-fast counterparts, but they stop only at relatively important intermediate stations.
8 Passenger and Fast Passenger These are slow trains that stop at most stations along the route and are the cheapest trains. The trains generally have unreserved seating accommodation but some night trains have sleeper and 3-tier AC compartments.
9 Suburban trains These trains operate in the urban areas of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune and between Kanpur & Lucknow,usually stop at all stations and have unreserved seating accommodation.
10 Metros and Monorails These trains are designed for city transport in metro cities of India.

Accommodation classes

Main article: Indian Railways coaching stock

Indian Railways has several classes of travel with or without airconditioning. A train may have just one or many classes of travel. Slow passenger trains have only unreserved seating class whereas Rajdhani, Duronto, Shatabdi, garib rath and yuva trains have only airconditioned classes. The fares for all classes are different with unreserved seating class being the cheapest. The fare of Rajdhani, Duronto and Shatabdi trains includes food served in the train but the fare for other trains does not include food that has to be bought separately. In long-distance trains a pantry car is usually included and food is served at the berth or seat itself. Luxury trains such as Palace on Wheels have separate dining cars but these trains cost as much as or more than a five-star hotel room.

A standard passenger rake generally has four unreserved (also called "general") compartments, two at the front and two at the end, of which one may be exclusively for ladies. The exact number of other coaches varies according to the demand and the route. A luggage compartment can also exist at the front or the back. In some mail trains a separate mail coach is attached. Lavatories are communal and feature both the Indian style as well as the Western style.

The following table lists the classes in operation. A train may not have all these classes.

Class[34] Description[34][35]
1A First class AC: This is the most expensive class, where the fares are almost at par with air fare. There are eight cabins (including two coupes) in the full AC First Class coach and three cabins (including one coupe) in the half AC First Class coach. The coach has an attendant to help the passengers. Bedding is included with the fare in IR. This air conditioned coach is present only on popular routes and can carry 18 passengers (full coach) or 10 passengers (half coach). The sleeper berths are extremely wide and spacious. The coaches are carpeted, have sleeping accommodation and have privacy features like personal coupes. This class is available on broad gauge and metre gauge trains.
2A AC-Two tier: These air-conditioned coaches have sleeping berths across eight bays. Berths are usually arranged in two tiers in bays of six, four across the width of the coach and two berths longways on the other side of the corridor, with curtains along the gangway or corridor. Bedding is included with the fare. A broad gauge coach can carry 48 passengers (full coach) or 20 passengers (half coach). This class is available on broad gauge and metre gauge trains.
FC First class: Same as 1AC but without air conditioning. No bedding is available in this class. The berths are wide and spacious. There is a coach attendant to help the passengers. This class has been phased out on most of the trains and is rare to find. However narrow gauge trains to hill stations have this class.
3A AC three tier: Air conditioned coaches with 64 sleeping berths. Berths are usually arranged as in 2AC but with three tiers across the width and two longways as before giving eight bays of eight. They are slightly less well-appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways. Bedding is included with fare. It carries 64 passengers in broad gauge. This class is available only on broad gauge.
3E AC three tier (Economy): Air conditioned coaches with sleeping berths, present in Garib Rath Trains. Berths are usually arranged as in 3AC but with three tiers across the width and three longways. They are slightly less well-appointed, usually no reading lights or curtained off gangways. Bedding is not included with fare.
CC AC chair car: An air-conditioned seater coach with a total of five seats in a row used for day travel between cities.
EC Executive class chair car: An air-conditioned coach with large spacious seats and legroom. It has a total of four seats in a row used for day travel between cities. This class of travel is only available on Shatabdi Express trains.
SL Sleeper class: The sleeper class is the most common coach on IR, and usually ten or more coaches could be attached. These are regular sleeping coaches with three berths vertically stacked. In broad gauge, it carries 72 passengers per coach.
2S Seater class: same as AC Chair car, but with bench style seats and without the air-conditioning. These may be reserved in advance or may be unreserved.
UR Unreserved: The cheapest accommodation. The seats are usually made up of pressed wood in older coaches but cushioned seats are found in new coaches. These coaches are usually over-crowded and a seat is not guaranteed. Tickets are issued in advance for a minimum journey of more than 24 hours. Tickets issued are valid on any train on the same route if boarded within 24 hours of buying the ticket.
Seen here is the Mumbai Rajdhani Express. Rajdhanis are long-distance high-speed and high-priority trains connecting major state capitals with New Delhi
Seen here is the Secunderabad Yeshwanthpur Garib-Rath Express. Garib-Rath's are low cost A/c trains
Interior of a First Class(1A) compartment in the Rajdhani Express
Air-conditioned Chair Car (CC) coaches in an Shatabdi Express.
Interior of an air-conditioned Chair Car coach(CC) in an Jan Shatabdi Express.
A typical sleeper class coach

At the rear of the train is a special compartment known as the guard's cabin. It is fitted with a transceiver and is where the guard usually gives the all clear signal before the train departs.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on Indian Railways. – The Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus[36] and the Mountain Railways of India. The latter consists of three separate railway lines located in different parts of India:[37]

A tight loop (Agony Point) on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in West Bengal

Notable Trains and Railway Lines

Railway Lines

  • Maharaja Railways (Gwalior Light Railway), a narrow gauge line of just 610mm width from Gwalior to Sheopur of 198 km. in length is world's longest narrow gauge railway line is in the UNESCO world heritage tentative list.
  • Neral-Matheran Railway, a narrow gauge railway connecting Matheran is also a historic line.

Tourist Trains

Other Trains

  • Samjhauta Express is a train that runs between India and Pakistan. However, hostilities between the two nations in 2001 saw the line being closed. It was reopened when the hostilities subsided in 2004. Another train connecting Khokhrapar (Pakistan) and Munabao (India) is the Thar Express that restarted operations on 18 February 2006; it was earlier closed down after the 1965 Indo-Pak war.
  • Lifeline Express is a special train popularly known as the "Hospital-on-Wheels" which provides healthcare to the rural areas. This train has a carriage that serves as an operating room, a second one which serves as a storeroom and an additional two that serve as a patient ward. The train travels around the country, staying at a location for about two months before moving elsewhere.
  • Fairy Queen is the oldest operating locomotive in the world today, though it is operated only for specials between Delhi and Alwar. John Bull, a locomotive older than Fairy Queen, operated in 1981 commemorating its 150th anniversary. Kharagpur railway station also has the distinction of being the world's longest railway platform at 1,072 m (3,517 ft). The Ghum station along the Darjeeling Toy Train route is the second highest railway station in the world to be reached by a steam locomotive.[46] The Mumbai–Pune Deccan Queen has the oldest running dining car in IR.
  • Vivek Express, between Dibrugarh and Kanyakumari, has the longest run in terms of distance and time on Indian Railways network. It covers 4,286 km (2,663 mi) in about 82 hours and 30 minutes.
  • Bhopal Shatabdi Express is the fastest train in India today having a maximum speed of 150 km/h (93 mph) on the Faridabad–Agra section. The fastest speed attained by any train is 184 km/h (114 mph) in 2000 during test runs.
  • Double-decker AC trains have been introduced in India. The first double decker train was Pune-Mumbai Sinhagad express plying between Pune and Mumbai[47] while the first double-decker AC train in the Indian Railways was introduced in November 2010, running between the Dhanbad and Howrah stations having 10 coaches and 2 power cars.[48] On 16 April 2013, Indian Railways celebrated its 160 years of nationwide connectivity with a transportation of 23 million passengers in a day.[49]
Bridges
  • Pamban Bridge− Pamban Bridge is a cantilever bridge on the Palk Strait which connects Rameswaram on Pamban Island to mainland India.
    A view of the Pamban Railway Bridge that links Rameshwaram to the mainland
  • Chenab Bridge− The world’s tallest rail bridge over Chenab River in Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir is being constructed by Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL), a Central Public Sector Enterprise under the Ministry of Railways . It is likely to be ready by 2016. This bridge will be on the Udhampur – Srinagar – Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) project which is a national project to provide rail connectivity to the Kashmir. Konkan Railway has taken up the construction of part of USBRL project from Katra to Dharam in December 2002.[50]

Food

Trains are classified as pantry car/non-pantry car, trains with pantry cars are listed as P in Trains at a Glance. Meals are included in the fare on Rajdhani, Shatabdi and Duronto trains, while Indian Railways catering staff come around to collects orders an hour or two before mealtimes. Meals available for lunch and dinner are generally vegetarian and non-vegetarian thalis (rice, dal, a vegetable (chicken or fish curries for non-veg thalis), curd/yogurt, chapattis/rotis and occasionally, a sweet dish) or (veg/egg/chicken) biryani. Pantry car service always includes the sale of tea, coffee, cold drinks, Indian snacks (samosa) and "namkeen" (chips and other salty snacks). Pantry cars mostly re-distribute food from base kitchens that are based at important stations; As per the catering policies only heating is encouraged for which electric heating equipment is provided. Any cooking at stations or in pantry cars is discouraged. The quality of food varies, with the fare being better in the South and West. Also, the parameters like: hygiene, taste, cuisine changes from region to region. Most pantry cars and restaurants at stations are used to be earlier managed by Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation IRCTC. However Indian Railways has now phased out IRCTC from most catering in Railways except at Food Courts, Fast Food Units etc. Most catering is now managed by Zonal Railways. Kiosks are ubiquitous where one can find snacks/breakfast/packed foods/ biscuits/ cookies/ mineral water etc. At major stations, one can find higher end IRCTC food courts and food plazas and even fine-dine restaurants that have been given to reputed private players to manage. Recently, young initiatives have started creating online marketplaces for the passengers of the Indian Railway. These market places consist of restaurants near railway stations which delivers fresh food in train to the passengers who order online or through their call center.

Problems and issues

The personnel costs and operating costs have increased several times over the past decade. Fares have been hiked both in 2011 & 2013, offsetting a good percentage of the loss.[51] The maintenance of passenger coaches and goods wagons is poor and often results in derailments and other accidents. The sanitation in trains and stations is improving. Trains like Duronto/Rajdhani & some express trains such as Hyderabad to Bangalore Kacheguda Express have onboard janitors, whose job it is to clean to compartment and washrooms on a regular basis. Further, mobile numbers of supervisors are provided on the train for any complaints.

New railway line projects are often announced without securing additional funding for them. A large number of these projects are not profitable and do not get completed within the scheduled time. As on 31 March 2011, 347 projects including new lines, doubling and gauge conversion were pending and their costs have skyrocketed to INR1472 billion (US$24 billion).[52] However, the railway budget for 2012–13 provided only INR130 billion (US$2.1 billion) for the projects.

Sexual harassment of women on trains has risen alarmingly. The menace is more harsh in the metropolitan areas of north, south and western regions. There have been several cases of railway officials themselves indulging in sexual offences instead of being saviours of the women under attack.[53]

Toilets

Toilets were not present in the lower class carriages during the first 55 years of its operation.[54] On July 2, 1909, Babu Okhil Chandra Sen lodged a complaint to the then Transportation Superintendent, Sahibganj.[55] After this, the railway authorities introduced toilets in all lower class carriages in trains running more than 50 miles. The rule is that the trains running more than 150 km have to provide this facility in all compartments and Hopper toilet are mostly used.

Clean Train Station Scheme

In October 2002, Ministry of Railways (MM, & FC), Railway Board decided to launch the "Clean Train Station Scheme", as a major initiative for improving train cleanliness. It gave a 5-year contract to M/S Eureka Forbes Limited to develop a pilot module under this scheme at Ratlam, the en route station on Delhi – Mumbai main line. Under this scheme, the trains will be cleaned by reputed and professional agencies using a mechanised process at mid-stations, during its scheduled halt.[56] A team of 25–35 people attend to the interiors of the trains, specially the toilets, which are cleaned by using high pressure jet machines and environment friendly bio-degradable cleaning agents. The toilets and coaches are sprayed with mosquito repellent and the area between the toilets, doorways, vestibules and aisle are also cleaned. The dustbins of the coaches are emptied and the window glasses of AC coaches are also cleaned.[57] The 2007 CAG report, "The Report No.6 of 2007 (Railways)", criticised that it was largely ineffective due to a number of deficiencies in its implementation.[58]

Bio Toilets

Indian Railways's Mechanical Engineers, along with Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) have developed Environment Friendly Bio-toilets for its passenger coaches. In these bio-toilets, the human waste is treated by anaerobic bacteria, which are harmless to the humans. This bacteria converts human waste into water and gases (methane and carbon dioxide). The water then passes through chlorine tank and is discharged as clean water while the gas generated evaporates into the atmosphere. Unlike the Hopper toilet, human waste does not fall on the tracks.[59]

Installing bio-toilets is technologically challenging because it requires a special technique of welding, to ensure that safety of the coach is not compromised. The Gwalior-Varanasi Bundelkhand Express is the first train to be fitted with it, which is running since January 2011.[60] In 2012, a report of the Expert Group for Modernisaion of Indian Railways, recommended establishment of Indian Institute of Railway Research with Centres of Excellence in Green toilets, and also introduction of Green toilets on all passenger trains.[61] Bio-toilets are being fitted in all new LHB (Linke Holfmann Busch) coaches manufactured in Rail Coach Factory at Kapurthala.[62]

As of Aug 2013, more than 1400 coaches are running with Bio-Toilets in various trains.[63]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Times of India". The Times of India (India). 15 April 2010. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Railways Fiscal Budget 2013". Retrieved 15 March 2013. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Indian Railways Facts and Figures (2011–2012). Ministry of Railways, Government of India. 2012. p. personnel. Retrieved 21 July 2013. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 http://ehitavada.com/News_Paper_Images/2013/04/07/news_images/news_213499.jpg
  5. ↑ "R.P. Saxena, Indian Railway History Timeline". Irse.bravehost.com. Retrieved 2012-12-15. 
  6. ↑ British investment in Indian railway reaches £100m by 1875. Books.google.com. 1970. ISBN 9780521073547. Retrieved 2012-12-15. 
  7. ↑ "History of Indian Railways". Irfca.org. Retrieved 2012-12-15. 
  8. ↑ Sandes, Lt Col E.W.C. (1935). The Military Engineer in India, Vol II. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. 
  9. ↑ http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf
  10. ↑ Singh, Vijay Pratap (27 February 2010). "SMS complaint system: A Northern Railway brainwave spreads". Indian Express. Retrieved 2012-01-19. 
  11. ↑ "Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways". Indian Railways. Retrieved 26 August 2011 format=PDF. 
  12. ↑ "Salem railway division formed (in 2005)". http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/. Retrieved 2012-10-07. 
  13. ↑ "Railway Board Directorates". INDIAN RAILWAY ESTABLISHMENT CODE. Indian Railways. 
  14. ↑ "Indian Railways level which constitutes the Governing Council of Association". irts.org.in. 
  15. ↑ "Indian Railways Establishment Manual". rrcb.gov.in. 
  16. ↑ "administrative control of the railways". indianrailways. 
  17. ↑ "set up as a registered society to design and implement various railway computerization projects.". CENTRE FOR RAILWAY INFORMATION SYSTEMS. 
  18. ↑ "Indian Railways starts using Bio-Diesel as Fuel in Engines". Retrieved 30 August 2013. 
  19. ↑ "New Technology allows Railways to save Rs 20 Lakhs Diesel per Engine". Retrieved 6 September 2013. 
  20. ↑ Indian Railways joins 1 billion tonne club in freight loading - Yahoo! News India. In.news.yahoo.com (2013-04-02). Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
  21. ↑ Compiled and edited by Research, Reference and Training Division. (2011). India Yearbook 2011. Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India. Table 19.1. ISBN 978-81-230-1674-0. 
  22. ↑ "Toy Trains of India". Our Trips – Royal Train Tours. India Calling Tours (P) Limited. Retrieved 12 May 2007. 
  23. ↑ Railways, IIT-Madras tie up to power AC coaches with solar energy | News | Eco-Business - Asia's Cleantech & Sustainable Business Community. Eco-Business (2013-08-05). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.
  24. ↑ "Indian Railways develops Automatic Fire and Smoke Detection System". Retrieved 5 September 2013. 
  25. ↑ name="Bholu the Railways mascot unveiled">"Bholu the Railways mascot unveiled". The Times of India. 16 April 2002. Retrieved 11 May 2013. 
  26. ↑ name="Commemorative currency NIC"
  27. ↑ name="Manual for Public Relations Department (2007)"
  28. ↑ name="Bholu to stay with Railways"
  29. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bholu_%28mascot%29
  30. ↑ "India approves new railway link with Bangladesh". TwoCircles.net. Retrieved 2012-12-15. 
  31. ↑ "Rail link from Manipur to Vietnam on cards: Tharoor". The Times of India (India). 9 April 2010. 
  32. ↑ "Neighbours to the west get closer | Bangkok Post: news". Bangkok Post. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-15. 
  33. ↑ "railway operations — I". IRFCA.org. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 11 June 2007. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "General Information on travelling by IR". IRFCA.org. Indian Railways Fan Club. Retrieved 3 June 2007. 
  35. ↑ "Class of Travel". indiarail.co.uk. S.D.Enterprises Ltd. Retrieved 3 June 2007. 
  36. ↑ "Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)". World Heritage List. World Heritage Committee. 2004. Retrieved 5 January 2009. 
  37. ↑ "Mountain Railways of India". World Heritage List. World Heritage Committee. 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2009. 
  38. ↑ "100 years of pine-scented travel". Retrieved 14 February 2009. 
  39. ↑ Train Route
  40. ↑
  41. ↑
  42. ↑
  43. ↑
  44. ↑
  45. ↑
  46. ↑ "Hill trains". Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2009. 
  47. ↑ Manish Umbrajkar (8 July 2009). "Old-timers recollect double-decker days". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2012-12-15. 
  48. ↑ "The curious case of Vijay Mallya – Yahoo! News". In.news.yahoo.com. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-20. 
  49. ↑ "Indian Railways, Lifeline to the nation… – SouLSteer Magazine". SouLSteer.com. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-16. 
  50. ↑ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=85314
  51. ↑ "Fare Increase (2013)". 
  52. ↑ "Railways rapped for tardy progress in laying new lines". Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-15. 
  53. ↑ Balchand, K (28 April 2013). "Alarming rise in sexual harassment of women on trains". The Hindu (New Delhi). Retrieved 2013-04-29. 
  54. ↑ "A man of letters". Dec 15, 2002. 
  55. ↑ Kanjilal, Pratik (Apr 21, 2013). "My Experiments with Third-Class Travel". The Indian Express. Retrieved 28 August 2013. 
  56. ↑ "Project Specifications -Clean Train Station Scheme" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2013. 
  57. ↑ "TRAINS INCLUDED UNDER CLEAN TRAINS STATION SCHEME". 
  58. ↑ "Chapter 2 - Cleanliness and Sanitation on Indian Railways" (PDF). Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Retrieved 28 August 2013. 
  59. ↑ "Indian Railways: Environment Friendly Toilets" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2013. 
  60. ↑ "Railways Now Running 1400 Coaches with Bio-Toilets in Various Trains" (Press release). Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 28 August 2013. 
  61. ↑ "Report of the Expert Group for Modernizaion of Indian Railways" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2013. 
  62. ↑ "Bio-Toilets: Railways to Set Up Three Bacteria Plants". India Journal. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2013. 
  63. ↑ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98833

Scholarly studies

  • Aguiar, Marian. Tracking Modernity: India's Railway and the Culture of Mobility (2011)
  • Bear, Laura. Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self (Columbia University Press, 2007); 360 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-14002-7.
  • Tiwari, Ramswarup D. Railways In Modern India (1941) excerpt and text search
  • V.M. Govind Krishnan NMR (Nilgiri Mountain Railway)- From Lifeline to Oblivion

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