Indefinite lifespan

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Indefinite lifespan (also known as indefinite life extension) is a term used in the life extension movement to refer to the longevity of humans, and other life-forms, under conditions in which aging can be effectively and completely prevented and treated. Such individuals would still be susceptible to accidental or intentional death by trauma, starvation, or infectious diseases, but not death from aging. Their lifespans would be "indefinite", because protection from the effects of aging on health does not guarantee survival. Some life extensionists consider the term "indefinite lifespan" technically more correct than "immortality" which, especially in religious contexts, implies an inability to die.

Longevity escape velocity

“The first 1000-year-old is probably only ~10 years younger than the first 150-year-old”

Life expectancy increases slightly every year as treatment strategies and technologies improve. At present, more than one year of research is required for each additional year of expected life. Longevity escape velocity occurs when this ratio reverses, so that life expectancy increases faster than one year per one year of research, as long as that rate of advance is sustainable.[1][2][3]

The concept was first publicly proposed by David Gobel, founder of the Methuselah Foundation. The idea has been championed by biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey[4] and futurist Ray Kurzweil.[5] These two claim that by putting further pressure on science and medicine to focus research on increasing limits of aging, rather than continuing along at its current pace, more lives will be saved in the future, even if the benefit is not immediately apparent.[1]

Immortality

The terms "immortality" and "eternal youth" are often used as synonyms for "indefinite lifespan", but they carry connotations from their other contexts which science has deemed to be impossible. That is, immortal means "incapable of dying". Eternal implies guaranteed existence for eternity, and in this context is also implausible because of entropy. Even if cures were found for all the degenerative diseases, and effective treatments were developed for all the processes of aging, so that bodies could be maintained as easily as cars can be repaired, people would still be killed in accidents, slain in wars, choosing to die, etc. The term indefinite lifespan represents this more achievable state of affairs, because it merely implies freedom from death by age or infirmity. The use of the term is also sometimes favored for reasons of linguistic aesthetics, in the same way that the term birth control is preferred to "birth prevention" or "birth elimination" which both imply, as does 'immortality', that the choice is one-time only and has permanent consequences, whereas the point of 'indefinite lifespans', like the point of 'birth control', is to gain the opportunity to lead one's life in a more conscious and deliberate manner.

If humanity ever reaches the scale of a Type V Kardashev civilization,[6] it will, by definition, be able to ensure the eternal life of its populace through the conscious influencing of the second law of thermodynamics. Such a society would benefit from a vast, possibly infinite, amount of energy supplied by other universes: if the multiverse theory is proven to be correct,[7] the beings alive then would have enough resources to perpetually postpone the favoured state of entropic disorder.

Probability

This question is twofold. On the one hand it can be interpreted to mean, "Will a cure (or program of effective treatments) for aging ever be developed?" while on the other hand it could mean "Will the effective treatment of aging become available soon enough for those alive today to take advantage of it?" The answer to the first question is conditional on medical advancement: if medical science continues to advance in the fields of biogerontology and bioengineering, then some people hope the answer is "yes, that it will happen eventually, excepting if some event or series of events were to prevent the further advance of biological science" (see Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth and the Doomsday Clock). Many scientists researching this area at the moment do not agree. They see a problem in not just individual diseases but in failure of repair mechanisms alluded to above in the discussion of thermodynamic considerations.[citation needed]

While science is constantly advancing and technology is becoming ever more sophisticated, the human body and mind are finitely complex and have not changed significantly in one hundred thousand years, and the aging process has not, in that time, become any more damaging (which, in short, is why we live three times as long on average in the twenty-first century as we did ten thousand years before).[8]

The answer to the second question depends on two factors: the first being how fast medical science advances, and the second being how well each person takes care of himself (such as utilizing the best available life extension technology or not, and generally eating and behaving in a healthful and non-degrading way), both of which may affect whether or not a given person is still alive when the cure (or set of treatments) becomes available. This strategy is captured in the subtitle "Live Long Enough to Live Forever" of the popular life extension book Fantastic Voyage, by Ray Kurzweil and Terry Grossman, M.D.[citation needed]

The second factor to the second question hinges on the first factor - no amount of healthy living will enable somebody alive today to reach the point of indefinite lifespan if medical science is curtailed significantly, or if aging turns out to be massively more complex than currently believed. However, if biomedical gerontology continues to improve, if somatic genetic engineering becomes safe and effective (and is not banned by opponents) within the relatively near future, it may be conceivable for some of those now alive to attain indefinite lifespans.[citation needed]

According to biogerontologist Marios Kyriazis, indefinite lifespans will become possible (even inevitable) because of inherent properties of natural laws governing human evolution.[9] Kyriazis believes that[10] as humanity is enhanced by technology, human evolution by natural selection will become redundant, and humans will continue to evolve through an indefinitely-long process of self-development. This process will necessitate the elimination of death due to aging.[11]

Proposed techniques

Main article: Life extension

Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence is a proposed research program for repairing all types of age-related damage.

Calorie restriction has been presented as a piece of the puzzle of reaching actuarial escape velocity.[2][3][5] Other proposed techniques include genetic engineering, telomere extension, organ regeneration, nanotechnology, and even mind uploading.[12]

On the theory that the primary cause of aging is DNA damage [see DNA damage theory of aging and DNA damage (naturally occurring)], there are, in principle, two ways of reducing DNA damage in cells, and thus allowing indefinite extension of lifespan. These are:

  1. Preventing the occurrence of DNA damage, and
  2. Repairing the DNA damage after it has occurred.

There is a large body of literature on antioxidant phytochemicals that reduce the occurrence of oxidative DNA damage. However, when intervention trials were carried out using these antioxidants as dietary supplements and cancer as the endpoint, the results generally proved disappointing.[13][14]

On the other hand, there seems to be evidence that certain dietary components stimulate repair of DNA damage, and protect against cancer as an endpoint. One of these is chlorogenic acid, a major component of, and absorbable from, coffee.[15] Coffee is protective against colorectal cancer,[16] and chlorogenic acid and its metabolites increase the protein expression levels of two DNA repair enzymes: Pms2 and PARP.[17] Another compound that protects against the early stages of cancer is naringenin, a citrus flavonoid.[18] Naringenin was shown to increase the mRNA expression levels of two DNA repair enzymes, DNA pol beta and OGG1.[19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Grey, Aubrey D. N. J. (June 15, 2004), "Escape Velocity: Why the Prospect of Extreme Human Life Extension Matters Now", PLoS Biol 2 (6): 723–726, doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020187, retrieved 2007-02-12. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Traister, Rebecca (November 22, 2006), "Diet your way to a long, miserable life!", Salon.com, retrieved 2008-10-31 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dibbell, Julian (October 23, 2006), "The Fast Supper", New York Magazine 
  4. ↑ de Grey, Aubrey; & Rae, Michael (September 2007), Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, p. 416, ISBN 0-312-36706-6 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Birnbaum, Ben (2006), "Extension program", Boston College Magazine 
  6. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale#Type_V.2C_and_beyond
  7. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMB_cold_spot#Parallel_universe
  8. ↑ Cairns J (1997). “Matters of Life and Death” Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. (see pages 8-13) ISBN 9780691002507
  9. ↑ "The ELPIs Theory - The ELPIs Theory". Elpistheory.info. Retrieved 2011-10-04. 
  10. ↑ "Immortality". Immortalhumans.com. 2011-06-24. Retrieved 2011-10-04. 
  11. ↑ https://acrobat.com/#d=MAgyT1rkdwono-lQL6thBQ
  12. ↑ "TIME". TIME. Retrieved 2011-10-04. 
  13. ↑ Collins AR (2005). Antioxidant intervention as a route to cancer prevention. European Journal of Cancer 41:1923-1930. PMID 16111883
  14. ↑ Williams CD (2013). Antioxidants and prevention of gastrointestinal cancers. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 29(2):195-200. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32835c9d1b. PMID 23274317
  15. ↑ Del Rio D, Stalmach A, Calani L, Crozier A (2010). Bioavailability of coffee chlorogenic acids and green tea flavan-3-ols. Nutrients 2(8):820-33. doi: 10.3390/nu2080820. PMID 22254058
  16. ↑ Li G, Ma D, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Wang P (2012). Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health Nutr 16(2):346-357. doi: 10.1017/S1368980012002601. PMID 22694939
  17. ↑ Bernstein H, Crowley-Skillicorn C, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorak K, Garewal H (2007). Dietary compounds that enhance DNA repair and their relevance to cancer and aging. In “New Research on DNA Repair” (Breehn R. Landseer, editor), Chapter IV, 99-113. ISBN 978-1-60021-385-4 https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=43814
  18. ↑ Leonardi T, Vanamala J, Taddeo SS, Davidson LA, Murphy ME, Patil BS, Wang N, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR, Turner ND (2010). Apigenin and naringenin suppress colon carcinogenesis through the aberrant crypt stage in azoxymethane-treated rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 235(6):710-7. doi: 10.1258/ebm.2010.009359 PMID 20511675
  19. ↑ Gao K, Henning SM, Niu Y, Youssefian AA, Seeram NP, Xu A, Heber D (2006). The citrus flavonoid naringenin stimulates DNA repair in prostate cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 17(2):89-95. PMID 16111881

Further reading

  1. Fantastic Voyage: The Science Behind Radical Life Extension Raymond Kurzweil and Terry Grossman M.D., Rodale. 2004. 452pp. ISBN 1-57954-954-3
  2. Fahy GM; Wowk B; Wu Jun, P; Rasch C; et al. (2004), Cryopreservation of organs by vitrification: perspectives and recent advances, Cryobiology, Vol.48,Iss.2;p. 157
  3. Blackstone, E. Morrison, M. and Roth, M. (2005) Hydrogen Sulfide Induces a Suspended Animation-like State in Mice, Science, Vol. 308, page 518.
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