Imperialism (Hobson)

Imperialism: A Study (1902), by John A. Hobson, is a politico–economic discourse about the negative financial, economic, and moral aspects of imperialism as a nationalistic business enterprise.

The Taproot of Imperialism

The “taproot of imperialism” is not in nationalist pride, but in capitalist oligarchy; and, as a form of economic organization, imperialism is unnecessary and immoral, the result of the mis-distribution of wealth in a capitalist society. That dysfunction of political economy created the socio-cultural desire to extend the national markets into foreign lands, in search of profits greater than those available in the Mother Country. In the capitalist economy, rich capitalists received a disproportionately higher income than did the working class. That, if the owners invested their incomes to their factories, the greatly increased productive capacity would exceed the growth in demand for the products and services of said factories.

When productive capacity grew faster than consumer demand, there was very soon an excess of this capacity (relative to consumer demand), and, hence, there were few profitable domestic investment outlets. Foreign investment was the only answer. But, insofar as the same problem existed in every industrialized capitalist country, such foreign investment was possible only if non-capitalist countries could be “civilized”, “Christianized”, and “uplifted” — that is, if their traditional institutions could be forcefully destroyed, and the people coercively brought under the domain of the “invisible hand” of market capitalism. So, imperialism was the only answer.^[1]

As a political scientist, J.A. Hobson said that imperialism was an economic, political, and cultural practice common to nations with a capitalist economic system. That, because of its innate productive capacity for generating profits, capitalism did not functionally require a large-scale, large-term, and costly socio-economic enterprise such as imperialism. That a capitalist society could avoid resorting to imperialism through the radical re-distribution of the national economic resources among the society, and so increase the economic-consumption power of every citizen. That, after said economic adjustments, a capitalist nation did not require opening new foreign markets, and so could profitably direct the production and consumption of goods and services to the in-country markets, because “the home markets are capable of indefinite expansion . . . provided that the ‘income’, or power to demand commodities, is properly distributed.” ^[2]

Influence

Imperialism: A Study (1902) established the international reputation of John A. Hobson as a political scientist, because the applicability of the geopolitical propositions much influenced intellectuals, such as Bukharin, Lenin, and Hannah Arendt. In particular, the Russian Revolutionary Lenin drew much from Imperialism: A Study to support and substantiate Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916), which then was a contemporary, war-time analysis of the geopolitical crises of the imperial empires of Europe that culminated in the First World War (1914–18).

In Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, Lenin said that Karl Kautsky had taken the idea of ultra-imperialism from the work of J.A. Hobson, and that:

ultra-imperialism, or super-imperialism, [was] what Hobson, thirteen years earlier, [had] described as inter-imperialism. Except for coining a new and clever catch-word, replacing one Latin prefix by another, the only progress [that] Kautsky has made, in the sphere of ‘scientific’ thought, is that he gave out, as Marxism, what Hobson, in effect, [had] described as the cant of English parsons.

— ^[3]

Moreover, Lenin ideologically disagreed with Hobson’s opinion that capitalism, as an economic system, could be separated from imperialism; instead, he proposed that, because of the economic competitions that had provoked the First World War, capitalism had come to its end as a functional socio-economic system, and that it would be replaced by pacifist socialism, in order for imperialism to end.^[4]

See also

• Imperialism
• Leninism
• Theories of New Imperialism
• World-systems theory

Further reading

• Imperialism: A Study. Hosted online at The Library of Economics and Liberty and Google Books (pdf)
• Eckstein, Arthur M., “Is There a ‘Hobson–Lenin Thesis’ on Late Nineteenth-Century Colonial Expansion?”, Economic History Review, vol. 44, no. 2, May 1991, pp. 297–318, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2598298

References