Imelda Marcos

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The Honorable
Imelda Marcos
First Lady of the Philippines
In office
December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986
President Ferdinand Marcos
Preceded by Eva Macapagal
Succeeded by Amelita Ramos
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's Second District
Incumbent
Assumed office
June 30, 2010
President Benigno Aquino III
Preceded by Ferdinand Marcos, Jr.
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Leyte's First District
In office
June 30, 1995 – June 30, 1998
President Fidel V. Ramos
Preceded by Cirilo Roy Montejo
Succeeded by Alfred Romuáldez
Mambabatas Pambansa from Region IV-A
In office
June 12, 1978 – June 5, 1984
President Ferdinand Marcos
Governor of Metropolitan Manila
In office
February 27, 1975 – February 25, 1986
President Ferdinand Marcos
Succeeded by Jejomar Binay
Minister of Human Settlements
In office
1978–1986
President Ferdinand Marcos
Preceded by Antonio Villarama
Succeeded by Mita Pardo de Tavera
Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary
In office
1978–1986
President Ferdinand Marcos
Personal details
Born Imelda Remedios Visitación Trinidad Romuáldez
(1929-07-02) July 2, 1929
Manila, Philippines
Nationality Filipino
Political party Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (1978–present)
Other political
affiliations		 Nacionalista (1965-1978; 2009–present)
Spouse(s) Ferdinand Marcos (1954–1989; his death)
Relations Benjamin Romualdez (brother)
Daniel Z. Romualdez (cousin)
Norberto Romuáldez (uncle)
Mariano Marcos (father-in-law)
Pacifico Marcos (brother-in-law)
Children Imee
Ferdinand, Jr.
Irene
Aimee
Residence Makati
Occupation Supermodel
Profession Fashion designer
Religion Roman Catholicism

Imelda Marcos, GM PLH (born July 2, 1929) is the widow of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos and forms half of their so-called conjugal dictatorship. She is remembered as a symbol of excess during her husband's twenty-year rule because of her collection of more than a thousand pairs of shoes.

Imelda began her career as a local singer and model in Manila before meeting her husband Ferdinand, who would later be elected President. After the declaration of martial law in 1972, Imelda began holding positions in the national government that allowed her to travel the world and accumulate artwork and real estate. The couple consolidated their power allowing them to transport funds from the Philippine treasury into offshore accounts, such as those within banks in Switzerland.

Accusations of corruption and human rights violations against them would culminate in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr. that would lead to the People Power Revolution which forced the Marcoses out of office and into exile in Hawaii. After the death of Ferdinand, Imelda and her family were given amnesty by Corazon Aquino. Her return to the Philippines has since allowed her to restore her political dynasty and she was elected in the House of Representatives in 1995 for Leyte and again in 2010 for Ilocos Norte.

Despite facing numerous cases involving alleged corruption, she has yet to be imprisoned and she continues to wield power. Her ability to survive upheavals in her life has led her to be called the "Steel Butterfly".

Early life

Imelda Remedios Visitación Trinidad Romuáldez was born on July 2, 1929 in Manila to Remedios Trinidad and Vicente Romuáldez, brother of Philippine Supreme Court Associate Justice Norberto Romuáldez. Her paternal ancestors were from a land-owning family in Tolosa, Leyte, descended from Granada, Andalusia, Spain.[1] She has five other siblings: Alfredo, Alita, Armando, Benjamin (1930-2012),[2] and Concepcion who spent their childhood in San Miguel. After their mother died in 1938, their family moved to Tacloban, where she was known as the "Rose of Tacloban",[3] and she was raised by her servant Estrella Cumpas.[4][5][6] In the film Imelda, she claimed to have met Douglas MacArthur when he landed in Tacloban at the end of World War II.[7][7][8]

At the request of her uncle, Daniel Z. Romualdez, Imelda returned in the year 1950 to Manila, where she worked in a music store by Escolta street as a singer to attract customers. She took voice lessons at the music conservatory of the University of Santo Tomas.[9] Imelda would later join a beauty pageant known as "Miss Manila" where she placed second but was named the "Muse of Manila" after contesting the results.[10] This lead to her to become a local supermodel with her pictures appearing in local magazines and newspapers.[11][12] Before meeting her husband, she briely dated Benigno Aquino, Jr., who would later become her political rival.[3][9] On May 1, 1954, Imelda married Ferdinand Marcos, a Nacionalista Party congressman from Ilocos Norte,[13] who was introduced to her by her uncle. Her marriage resulted in three children: Imee, Ferdinand, Jr., and Irene. She also adopted a girl named Aimee.[9]

First Lady

On December 1965,[14] her husband, Ferdinand, was elected as the 10th President of the Philippines and she served as First Lady. Later in July 1966, Imelda became involved in an altercation with the Beatles when they toured the Philippines after they unintentionally snubbed her who had expected the group to attend a breakfast reception at Malacañang.[15] The snub was broadcast on Philippine television and radio.[16] In an attempt to hold on to power, her husband declared martial law on September 23, 1972. On December 7 that same year, an assailant tried to stab her to death with a bolo knife during an award ceremony broadcast live on television. The assailant was shot to death by police while she suffered wounds on her hands and arms that required 75 stitches.[17] Once her husband had consolidated his power, Imelda orchestrated lavish public events using millions of U.S. dollars in public funds to extol her husband's regime and bolster her public image.[18][19][20]

She secured the Miss Universe 1974 pageant for Manila, which necessitated the construction and completion of the 10,000-seat Folk Arts Theater in less than three months.[21] She also organized the Kasaysayan ng Lahi, an extravagant festival parade showcasing the history of the Philippines.[22][23] Imelda initiated social programs such as the Green Revolution that intended to address hunger and landless-ness through the encouragement of planting vegetables and fruits into people's gardens. Another program included a national family-planning program,[24] and a third is an African safari in Calauit Island.[25] In 1978, Imelda was appointed as member of the Interim Batasang Pambansa representing Region IV-A. Imelda was later appointed as Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary and she toured numerous countries, most notably the United States, China,[26] the Soviet Union, Libya, Yugoslavia, Iraq, and Cuba. Throughout her travels,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] she became friends with a variety of political figures including Richard Nixon, Muammar Gaddafi, Saddam Hussein,[35] Fidel Castro, and Joseph Tito.[36][37] A Wikileaks diplomatic note "claims she was waiting for Spain's dictator Franco to die so she could fly to Madrid for the funeral."[38]

Imelda with her husband and Lyndon B. Johnson in Manila, 1966

To justify the multi-million U.S. dollar expenditure of traveling with a large diplomatic entourage using private jets, she would claim that included she was securing of a cheap supply of oil from China, Iraq, and Libya, which she also said was instrumental in the signing of the Tripoli Agreement of the Moro National Liberation Front. She continued her extravagant lifestyle US$5-million shopping tours in New York, Rome, and Copenhagen in 1983. One of her excesses included sending a plane to pick up Australian white sand for a beach resort.[39] During her trip to the dedication of the Sydney Opera House, she tried to upstage Queen Elizabeth.[40] Besides being an ambassador, Imelda also held the position of Minister of Human Settlements which allowed her to build, institutions such as Cultural Center of the Philippines, Philippine Heart Center, Lung Center of the Philippines, Philippine International Convention Center, Coconut Palace, and the Manila Film Center, most of which are still used up until the 21st century.[37][41]

Imelda purchased a number of properties in Manhattan in the 1980s, including the US$51-million Crown Building, the Woolworth Building in 40 Wall Street. and the US$60-million Herald Centre. It was stated that she declined to purchase the Empire State Building for $750m as she considered it "too ostentatious."[42] Her property also included jewels and a 175-piece art collection,[43] which included works by Michelangelo, Botticelli, Canaletto, Raphael,[44] as well as Monet’s “L’Église et La Seine à Vétheuil” (1881), Alfred Sisley’s “Langland Bay” (1887), and Albert Marquet’s “Le Cyprès de Djenan Sidi Said” (1946), also known as “Algerian View.”[45] When criticized, Imelda responded that it was her "duty" to be "some kind of light, a star to give the poor guidelines."[42]

People Power

Imelda was instrumental in the 1980 exile in the United States of opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr., who had suffered a heart attack during his imprisonment.[46] Martial Law was later lifted in 1981 and her husband, Ferdinand, was again elected president in what was believed to be sham elections.[47] Unfortunately, her husband began to suffer from lupus erythematosus so Imelda effectively ruled in his place. Aquino returned in 1983 and he was assassinated at the Manila International Airport. Accusation against her began to rise so her husband ordered the Agrava Commission, fact-finding committee, to investigate her but she was not found to be guilty.[48][49][50][51]

In the year 1986, snap elections were held between Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino, the widow of former Senator and opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr.[52] In spite of Ferdinand winning the elections, allegations of vote rigging led to mass protests that would be later known as the People Power Revolution.[53] On February 25, Imelda and her family fled to Hawaii via Guam. After they left Malacañan Palace, Imelda was found to have left behind 15 mink coats, 508 gowns, 1,000 handbags,[54] and 1,060 pairs of shoes. The exact number of shoes varies between accounts with estimates of up to 7500 pairs of shoes.[55] However, Time reported that the final tally was only 1,060.[56] The location where her shoes and jewelry were being kept was later destroyed and the contents stolen. Even a painting of Imelda was destroyed outside the Palace.[42][57][58][59][60]

On October 1988, Imelda, her husband Ferdinand, and Adnan Khashoggi, a Saudi Arabian former billionaire and arms dealer, were tried by a Federal grand jury in Manhattan for a racketeering case.[61] The charges included embezzlement of more than US$100 million from the Philippines used to buy three buildings in New York City and fraudulently borrowing US$165 million from American banks to refinance the buildings and buy additional property.[62] The couple pleaded not guilty and were represented by trial lawyer Gerry Spence.[63] Imelda's US$5-million-dollar bail was posted by tobacco heiress, Doris Duke, who befriended her while she lived in Hawaii.[64] Actor George Hamilton was a witness in her defense. The case ended in acquittal in 1990.[65] Ferdinand died in exile in Hawaii on September 28, 1989. Aquino refused to permit the repatriation of his remains because of national security reasons.[66] The Supreme Court upheld the decision of the government in Marcos vs. Manglapus.[67][68] In 1991, Imelda was allowed to return home through an amnesty proclamation.[69][70]

Amnesty & return

After her alliterative fall from grace, Imelda was allowed to return to the Philippines through a presidential pardon by Corazon Aquino on November 4, 1991.[71][72][73] The following year, she ran for president in the hotly-contested 1992 presidential elections, where she finished 5th out of 7 candidates with 2,338,294 votes.[74] In trials held during that year, Imelda claimed that her fortune came from Yamashita's Gold.[75] On September 1993, Imelda was found guilty of corruption by a Manila court and sentenced to 18 to 24 years in prison. She was set free on bail and she filed an appeal. This was just one of around 100 cases involving US$350-million allegedly held by the Marcos family in banks in Switzerland. The Swiss federal tribunal had ruled in December 1990 that the money would only be returned to national government in Manila if a Philippine court convicted Imelda in a fair trial.[76]

Imelda in Makati, 2008.

In 1995, she was elected as a congresswoman of Leyte, representing the first district. Imelda defeated Cirilo Montejo by a landslide victory with 70,471 votes against Montejo's 36,833. Initially, a disqualification case was filed against her but the Supreme Court ruled in her favor.[77] The following year, British musician Mark Knopfler wrote the song "Imelda", which was featured in his album Golden Heart, in her honor.[78][79][80] In 1998, Imelda would again seek the presidency. She ran presidential elections of that year but later withdrew to support the eventual winner Joseph Estrada.[81] She finished 9th among 11 candidates. Estrada's administration would be instrumental in the dismissal of the cases filed by the Aquino government through Ombudsman Aniano Desierto, who said that technicalities and a lapse of the prescriptive period for filing cases were an obstacle.[82] On June 29, 1998, the Sandiganbayan convicted the her of a charge that she had entered into an agreement disadvantageous to the government. On appeal, the Supreme Court reversed the decision and cited Sandiganbayan Justice Francis Gatchitorena for his alleged bias against Imelda.[83][84] [85]

In contrast to Imelda's very public life in the 1990s, her life in the first decade of the 21st century was a bit more private as she had retreated out of politics and focused mostly on her trials. In December 2000, she suffered a blood clot in her brain but was able to recover.[86] She was the subject of the 2003 documentary film Imelda by Ramona S. Diaz in which she was interviewed about her life as a First Lady.[87][88] In 2004, the Global Transparency Report published a study that showed she and her husband amassed between $5 billion to $10 billion[89] By September 21, 2007, Imelda still had 10 pending graft cases.[90] She was acquitted on March 10, 2008 by the Manila Regional Trial Court Branch 26 of 32 counts of dollar salting involving Swiss bank accounts due to reasonable doubt. Imelda, in reaction to her acquittal, said: "First of all, I am so happy and I thank the Lord that the 32 cases have been dismissed by the regional court here in Manila. This will subtract from the 901 cases that were filed against the Marcoses."[91] Imelda still had 10 pending criminal cases remaining before the Sandiganbayan Courts.[92] Imelda returned to the fashion scene by making a public appearance on October 8, 2008 when she was featured in the Project Runway Philippines (season 1) episode "Terno Challenge". She previously tried a comeback in 2006 by designing jewelry dubbed as the Imelda Collection.[93] Imelda celebrated her 80th birthday in 2009 with a lavish party in the grand ballroom of Hotel Sofitel in Manila.[94] Her party was reminiscent of the extravagant gatherings she held as First Lady. Opera singers and a pianist performed on a stage adorned with her portrait. Marcos-era friends showed up, including Japanese socialite Ratna Sari Dewi Sukarno, a widow of the former President of Indonesia, Sukarno, who flew in from Japan just to attend the party.[94][95]

Political comeback

Marikina Shoe Museum, where her shoes rest.

In 2010, Imelda ran for the second district of Ilocos Norte in the 2010 elections to replace her son, Ferdinand Marcos, Jr., who was running for Senator under the Nacionalista Party.[96][97] She won over her nearest rival Mariano Nalupta, Jr. by 80% to 20%.[98] She held the position of Millennium Development Goals chairperson in the Lower House.[99] In the same year, British producer Fatboy Slim and American musician David Byrne created a concept album called Here Lies Love. It centered around the life of Imelda leading up to her family's exile in Hawai'i. The album featured many guest singers; such as Cyndi Lauper, Florence Welch, Tori Amos, Sia, and Santigold; alternately playing the roles of Imelda and her servant, Estrella Cumpas, in each its tracks.[3] In the spring of 2013, The Public Theater in New York presented a staged musical version of the album.[100][101][102] An open-ended run returns to the Public Theater on March 24, 2014.[103][104]

In 2011, the Sandiganbayan's Fifth Division ordered Imelda to return US$280,000 in government funds taken by her and her late husband from the National Food Authority.[105] In 2012, Imelda declared her net worth to be US$22-millio. She was listed as the second-richest Philippine politician behind boxer Manny Pacquiao.[106] On September 27, 2012, Imelda attended the book launch of Juan Ponce Enrile's autobiography, Juan Ponce Enrile: A Memoir, in the Rigodon Ballroom of The Peninsula Manila near her home in Makati. There, Imelda met with Benigno S. Aquino III.[107][108] Imelda filed her certificate of candidacy on October 3, 2012, as she sought to renew her term as Ilocos Norte's second district representative.[109] She said she wants to continue serving the province despite her age. In 2013, she won the elections with a 94,484 votes against her opponents Ignacio with 11,221 and Madamba with 1,647.[110]

Early in 2013, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists made an expose of offshore leaks that includes the name of her eldest daughter, Imee, among the list of wealthy people involved in offshore financial secrecy. It was revealed that Imee had been helping her mother, Imelda, in hiding parts of President Ferdinand Marcos' wealth in tax havens such as those in the British Virgin Islands.[111][112] In October 17, 2013, Claude Monet's paintings, L'Eglise de Vetheuil and Le Bassin aux Nymphease, became subjects of a legal case in New York against NY-based Vilma Bautista, one-time aide to Imelda,[113] after she sold Le Bassin aux Nymphease for U]$32 million to a Swiss buyer. The said Monet paintings, along with two others, were acquired by Imelda during her husband Ferdinand's presidency and allegedly bought using the nation's funds. Bautista's lawyer claim that the aide sold the painting for Imelda but did not have a chance to give her the money. The Philippine government seeks the return of the painting.[114] Le Bassin aux Nymphease, also known as Japanese Footbridge over the Water-Lily Pond at Giverny, is part of Monet's famed Water Lilies series.[45] Her secretary was sentenced in January 6, 2014.[115] On January 13, 2014, three collections of her jewelry: the Malacanang collection, the Roumeliotes collection, and the Hawaii collection; along with paintings of Claude Monet were seized by the Philippine government.[116][117][118][119][120] Imelda caused a stir in January 2014 when she called the hospital arrest of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo by Benigno Aquino III as "cruel, unjust."[121][122][123]

Legacy

Imelda's lavish collection of 3,000 shoes including white Pierre Cardin heels now lie partly in the National Museum of the Philippines and partly in a shoe museum in Marikina.[124] Typhoon Haiyan damaged her ancestral home in Tacloban, which also serves as a museum,[125] although she still retains homes in Ilocos Norte and Makati, where she resides.[126] Her net worth is assumed to be US$5 billion,[127][128][129] making her the third richest Filipino after Henry Sy and Lucio Tan and the richest woman in the country.[130][131][132] The town of Imelda, Zamboanga Sibugay is named after her.[133] She is known by her nicknames "Iron Butterfly" or "Steel Butterfly".[51][134][135][136][137]

Quotes

Topic Quotes by Imelda[138] Source
Popularity and Politics "When you reach a certain level of leadership, people cannot be neutral with you. They either love, love, love you, or hate, hate, hate you." BBC News (2000)[139]
Human Rights “We never had such a violation of human rights. In fact, we have had no human rights case here in the Philippines, even to this day. “ Imelda (2003)[140]
Beauty “It is not expensive to be beautiful. It takes only a little effort to be presentable and beautiful. But it takes some effort. And unfortunately people think of beauty as luxury, beauty as frivolity, ... or extravagance. Beauty is a discipline, beauty is art, is harmony, in the ideological sense and in the theological sense, beauty is God and love made real. And the ultimate reach in this world is beauty.” Imelda
Ugliness “I seem to be able to only see the positive things in life and the beautiful things in life and when I see, for instance, garbage or ugliness, then I turn my back or I seem to be able to skip it.” Imelda
Setting an example "I am my little people's star and slave. When I go out into the barrios, I get dressed because I know my little people want to see a star. Other presidents' wives have gone to the barrios wearing housedresses and slippers. That's not what people want to see. People want someone they can love, someone to set an example." Los Angeles Times (1980)
Her Legacy "I was born ostentatious. They will list my name in the dictionary someday. They will use Imeldific to mean ostentatious extravagance." Associated Press (1998)
Making it “’Who is Imelda?’ I come from a third world country, third class province. And I was orphaned—and look, Imelda made it. If Imelda made it everyone can make it. At this age and stage I feel so good I’m still ready to fly.” Imelda

Ancestry

Family

 
Mariano Marcos
 
Josefa Edralin
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vicente Romuáldez
 
Remedios Trinidad
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ferdinand Marcos
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Imelda Romuáldez
 
Alfredo Romuáldez
 
Alita Romuáldez
 
Armando Romuáldez
 
Benjamin Romuáldez
 
Concepcion Romuáldez
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tommy Manotoc
 
Imee Marcos
 
Ferdinand Marcos, Jr.
 
Louise Araneta
 
Gregorio Araneta III
 
Irene Marcos
 
 
Aimee Marcos
 
 
 
 

Titles

Honorary titles
Preceded by
Evangelina Macapagal		 First Lady of the Philippines
1965–1986 		Vacant
Title next held by
Amelita Ramos
House of Representatives of the Philippines
Preceded by
Cirilo Roy C. Montejo		 Member of the House of Representatives from Leyte's 1st district
1995–1998 		Succeeded by
Alfred S. Romualdez
Preceded by
Ferdinand Marcos, Jr.		 Member of the House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's 2nd district
2010–present 		Incumbent

Elections

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kerima Polotan, "Imelda Romualdez Marcos, A Biography of the First Lady of the Philippines", The World Publishing Company, Ohio
  2. ↑ "Kokoy Romualdez, powerful younger brother of Imelda Marcos, dies at 81". GMA. February 2012.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The Imelda Marcos Story — As Told by David Byrne TIME. April 10, 2010.
  4. ↑ Katherine Ellison, Imelda, Steel Butterfly of the Philippines, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-07-019335-5
  5. ↑ Imelda: a Story of the Philippines, Beatriz Francia
  6. ↑ Rowan, Roy (March 29, 1979). "Orchid or Iron Butterfly, Imelda Marcos Is a Prime Mover in Manila". People Magazine. Retrieved July 23, 2006. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 FILM CLIPS / Also opening today. San Francisco Gate. June 11, 2004.
  8. ↑ 'Imelda': Don't Cry for Her. The Washington Post. July 16, 2004.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Carmen Navarro Pedrosa. The Untold Story of Imelda Marcos, Manila: Bookmark, 1969, p. 3–4.
  10. ↑ Imelda. '.TV Guide.
  11. ↑ Imelda Marcos (Filipino Public Figure). Encyclopædia Britannica.
  12. ↑ `I'm a magpie for beauty'. The Chicago Tribune. November 6, 2006.
  13. ↑ Staycation guide: Overnight stay in Quiapo. ABS-CBN News. January 6, 2014.
  14. ↑ The best books on the Philippines: start your reading here. The Guardian. January 15, 2014
  15. ↑ Spitz, The Beatles (2005) p619
  16. ↑ "Beatles to avoid Philippines". Saskatoon Star-Phoenix (Associated Press). 8 July 1966. Retrieved May 22, 2012. 
  17. ↑ "Mrs. Marcos / Assassination Attempt". Television News Archive/Vanderbilt University. 
  18. ↑ Imelda Romualdez Marcos, Kerima Polotan
  19. ↑ Imelda Marocs Biography. The Biography Channel.
  20. ↑ Nacimentos: Imelda Marcos. Projeco VIP.
  21. ↑ Cronies and Enemies: the Current Philippine Scene, Belinda Aquino, editor, University of Hawaii, 1982
  22. ↑ Kasaysayan ng Lahi [documentary video], Manila: National Media Production Board, 1974
  23. ↑ Serin, J.R., A.L. Elamil. D.C. Serion, et al. Ugnayan ng Pamhalaan at Mamamayan. Manila: Bede's Publishing House, Inc., 1979.
  24. ↑ Ramona Diaz. Imelda. Ramona Diaz-Independent Television Service, 2003.
  25. ↑ At Philippine Safari Park, Serengeti on South China Sea. Bloomberg Businessweek. December 3, 2013.
  26. ↑ Imelda Marcos - "Gates of Friendship: Bridges for Tomorrow" part 1. Youtube. January 17, 2007.
  27. ↑ Walk in her shoes. Canoe.ca. December 1, 2004.
  28. ↑ Imelda. Deseret News. December 2, 2004.
  29. ↑ Short Reviews: Imelda. The Phoenix. August 6–12, 2004.
  30. ↑ Movie guide. Christian Science Monitor. June 18, 2004.
  31. ↑ Imelda. Film Threat.
  32. ↑ For a Regal Pariah, Despite It All, the Shoe Is Never on the Other Foot. The New York Times. June 9, 2004.
  33. ↑ Review: ‘Imelda’. Variety. March 17, 2004.
  34. ↑ A walk in the shoes of Imelda Marcos. The Boston Globe. August 6, 2004.
  35. ↑ Imelda Marcos - The Conquest of Iraq. Youtube. April 23, 2007.
  36. ↑ Waltzing with a Dictator: the Marcoses and the Making of American Policy, Raymond Bonner, author, Times Books, New York, 1987, ISBN 0-8129-1326-4
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Get to know former First Lady Imelda Marcos on Powerhouse. Power House. GMA Network. July 8, 2013.
  38. ↑ The Following comments about Mrs. Marcos were made by Jack Anderson on the dates indicated on the Good Morning America broadcast on the ABC Television Network. Wikileaks. January 26, 1976.
  39. ↑ Imelda Marcos - The First Lady's Visit to Australia. Youtube. January 16, 2007.
  40. ↑ Reluctant Embararrass Mrs. Marcos if she insisted on attending inauguration. Wikileaks. December 23, 1976.
  41. ↑ Documentary on Imelda Marcos - Al Jazeera.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 McNeill, David (February 25, 2006). "The weird world of Imelda Marcos". The Independent (London). Retrieved December 30, 2006. 
  43. ↑ Marcoses' Silver Sets Record At Auction. The New York Times. January 11, 1991.
  44. ↑ Marcoses' Raphael Sold To Italy for $1.65 Million. The New York Times. January 12, 1991.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Buettner, Russ (November 20, 2012). "Imelda Marcos’s Ex-Aide Charged in ’80s Art Theft". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2013. 
  46. ↑ Imelda Marcos Talkasia Transcript. CNN. January 24, 2007.
  47. ↑ The Marcos Dynasty, Sterling Seagrave, author, Harper & Row, New York, 1988, ISBN 0-06-015815-8
  48. ↑ Sandiganbayan ruling on Ninoy assasination. p. 5. Retrieved August 30, 2013. 
  49. ↑ "Creating a Fact-Finding Board with Plenary Powers to Investigate the Tragedy Which Occurred on August 21, 1983". Presidential Decree No. 1886. Malacanang Palace. Retrieved 30 August 2013. 
  50. ↑ "The investigation of the assasination of Benigno Aquino". Sandiganbayan ruling. Special division court. Retrieved August 30, 2013. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 The Steel Butterfly Still Soars. The New York Times. October 6, 2012.
  52. ↑ Imelda, Steel butterfly of the Philippines, Katherine Ellison, author, McGrawHill, New York, 1988, ISBN 0-07-019335-5
  53. ↑ Inside the Palace: The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, Beth Day Romulo, author, Putnam Publishing Group, New York, 1987, ISBN 0-399-13253-8
  54. ↑ "Imeldarabilia: A Final Count". TIME. February 23, 1987. Retrieved December 30, 2006. 
  55. ↑ "The day in numbers: $100". CNN. November 7, 2006. 
  56. ↑ "Investigations: Imeldarabilia: A Final Count". Time. February 23, 1987. 
  57. ↑ "The Yamashita Treasure was found by Roxas and stolen from Roxas by Marcos' men."
  58. ↑ The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos, Primitivo Mijares, author, Union Square Publishing, ISBN 1-141-12147-6
  59. ↑ Morrow, Lance (March 31, 1986). "Essay: The Shoes of Imelda Marcos". New York Times. 
  60. ↑ No Apology, It Was a Godly Act -- Imelda. October 14, 1998.
  61. ↑ Judge Delays Hearing for Marcos, Not Wife. The New York Times. October 28, 1988.
  62. ↑ Lubasch, Arnold (October 22, 1988). "Marcos and wife, 8 others : Charged by US with fraud". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2013. 
  63. ↑ The Marcos Verdict; Marcos Is Cleared of All Charges In Racketeering and Fraud Case. The New York Times. July 3, 1990.
  64. ↑ Imelda Marcos Acquitted, Again. The New York Times. March 11, 2008.
  65. ↑ Angelo, Bonnie (July 2, 1990). "Judge Wapner, Where Are You?". TIME. Retrieved September 11, 2007. 
  66. ↑ Department of Transportation and Communications Memorandum Circular No. 89-291, dated June 9, 1989. Excerpts: "'Resolved, as it its is hereby resolved that, in the interest of national security and tranquility and pursuant to the declared national policy, any aircraft carrying deposed president Ferdinand E. Marcos is prohibited from entering Philippine airspace or, landing or disembarking in Philippine territory. This prohibition shall apply to the remains in the event of his death."
  67. ↑ 177 SCRA 668, The Philippine Supreme Court, voting 8–7, prohibited the return of President Marcos and members of his family to the Philippines
  68. ↑ Manila Journal;Queen of the Quirky, Imelda Marcos Holds Court. The New York Times. March 4, 1996.
  69. ↑ ‘Greediest’ list includes Imelda Marcos. Philippine Daily Inquirer. April 5, 2009.
  70. ↑ Imelda Marcos among Newsweek's greediest people. ABS-CBN News. April 5, 2009.
  71. ↑ Imelda Marcos Fast Facts. CNN. January 24, 2013.
  72. ↑ Imelda Marcos Has an $829 Billion Idea. Bloomberg Businessweek. October 24, 2013.
  73. ↑ Reid, Robert H. (November 3, 1991). "A "Roller-Coaster" Life For One Of The World's Most Famous Women". Associated Press. 
  74. ↑ Commission on Elections. Report of the Commission on Elections to the President and Congress of the Republic of the Philippines. Manila: Commission on Elections, Manila
  75. ↑ Marcos widow claims wealth due to 'Yamashita treasure'. The Bulletin. February 3, 1993.
  76. ↑ "Marcos convicted of graft in Manila". The New York Times. September 24, 1993. Retrieved August 30, 2013. 
  77. ↑ Imelda Romualdez Marcos v. Crilo Roy Montejo. Republic of the Philippines: Supreme Court. September 18, 1995.
  78. ↑ "Chart Log UK". Zobbel. Retrieved November 25, 2012. 
  79. ↑ "Dire Straits given plaque honour". BBC News. December 4, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2012. 
  80. ↑ McCormick, Neil (September 5, 2012). "Mark Knopfler: how did we avoid disaster?". The Telegraph. Retrieved November 25, 2012. 
  81. ↑ Tarling, Nicholas (2000). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: From World War II to the Present, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 293. ISBN 0-521-66372-5. Retrieved January 7, 2010. 
  82. ↑ Presidential Plunder: the Quest for Marcos Ill-Gotten Wealth, Jovito Salonga, author, Regina Publishing Company, Manila, 2001.
  83. ↑ Imelda Marcos vs. Sandiganbayan, GR. No. 126995 [Supreme Court Resolution], dated October 6, 1998
  84. ↑ Imelda's crown jewels to go under the hammer BBC News, May 13, 2003
  85. ↑ Imelda Marcos arrest ordered CNN. October 16, 2001.
  86. ↑ Homage to Imelda's shoes. BBC News. February 16, 2001.
  87. ↑ "Imelda" – Documentary on Imelda Marcos Independent Lens
  88. ↑ Her Greatest Admirer: A documentary about Imelda Marcos reveals an extraordinary capacity for self-delusion. TIME, July 5, 2004
  89. ↑ "Global Corruption Report". Transparency International. Retrieved August 6, 2009. 
  90. ↑ Sandigan OKs Imelda bid for daily hearings on graft cases. GMA News. September 21, 2007.
  91. ↑ Imelda Marcos innocent of dollar salting. United Press International. May 10, 2008.
  92. ↑ "Editorial Ninoy, home at last." Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 21, 2008.
  93. ↑ Imelda Marcos comes into fashion. BBC. November 7, 2006.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Imelda Marcos: The best and worst life. Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 4, 2009.
  95. ↑ "CCP faces protest for Imelda tribute". ABS-CBN. September 9, 2009
  96. ↑ An audience with the one and only Imelda Marcos. BBC. May 27, 2010.
  97. ↑ INTREVIEW - Philippines' Marcos fights to get wealth back. Reuters. May 13, 2010.
  98. ↑ Bongbong ousted from KBL after joining Nacionalista Party. Philippine Star.
  99. ↑ Imelda Marcos stays as MDG committee chair. ABS-CBN News. September 15, 2010.
  100. ↑ "David Byrne's "Here Lies Love" to Premiere at NYC's Public Theater in April 2013". Nonesuch Records. April 9, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2012. 
  101. ↑ Soloski, Alex (October 6, 2009). "Imelda Marcus Gets the Ol' Song and Dance at Julia Miles Theater". The Village Voice. Retrieved June 8, 2009. 
  102. ↑ Here Lies Love.
  103. ↑ ‘Here Lies Love’ Will Return to the Public Theater. The New York Times. January 21, 2014.
  104. ↑ David Byrne's 'Here Lies Love' heads back to NYC. The New York Times. January 21, 2014.
  105. ↑ "Philippine court orders Imelda to repay funds", The Philippine News, Monday, April 11, 2011 (AFP story)
  106. ↑ Imelda Marcos claims net worth of US$22 million. Taipei Times. May 6, 2012.
  107. ↑ Unthinkable: Guess who came to Enrile book launch. Philippine Daily Inquirer. September 29, 2012.
  108. ↑ JPE writes his memoir, 'corrects' history. Rappler. September 28, 2012.
  109. ↑ Imelda seeks second term, files COC. ABS-CBN News. October 3, 2012.
  110. ↑ Ilocos Norte. GMA News. May 24, 2013.
  111. ↑ "Secret Files Expose Offshore’s Global Impact". ICIJ. Retrieved April 4, 2013. 
  112. ↑ "BIR chief ready to investigate Pinoys with offshore accounts". 
  113. ↑ Ex-Imelda Marcos aide on trial in NYC for selling Monet work. Philippine Daily Inquirer. October 17, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.
  114. ↑ PCGG: Gov’t, not Marcos victims, owns Monet painting Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 21, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013.
  115. ↑ Ex-Imelda Marcos secretary to be sentenced by NY court. GMA News. January 6, 2014.
  116. ↑ Onetime aide to Imelda Marcos sentenced to up to six year in prison after plotting to sell $32 million Claude Monet painting. The Daily Mail. January 14, 2014
  117. ↑ Show me the Monet: Philippines seeks return of Marcos paintings. Reuters. January 14, 2014
  118. ↑ Aide to former Philippine First Lady sentenced to prison for trying to sell country's art. New York Daily News. January 14, 2014.
  119. ↑ Marcos jewels could be sold after court rules they were ‘ill-gotten’. The Japan Times. January 14, 2014.
  120. ↑ Philippines Seeks Return of Marcos Paintings. Voice of America. January 14, 2014.
  121. ↑ Arroyo detention ‘cruel, unjust,’ says Imelda Marcos. Philippine Daily Inquirer. January 23, 2014.
  122. ↑ Imelda Romualdez Marcos visits Gloria Macapagal Arroyo at hospital detention. GMA News. January 23, 2014
  123. ↑ Imelda describes Arroyo's situation 'inhumane'. ABS-CBN News. January 23, 2014
  124. ↑ Olivier, Amy (September 23, 2012). "Imelda Marcos' famous collection of 3,000 shoes partly destroyed by termites and floods after lying in storage in the Philippines for 26 years since she exiled". The Daily Mail. Retrieved August 30, 2013. 
  125. ↑ Yolanda destroys Imelda’s ancestral house in Leyte. GMA News. November 19, 2013.
  126. ↑ My afternoon with Imelda Marcos. Fortune. January 9, 2014.
  127. ↑ What happened to the Marcos fortune?. BBC News. January 24, 2013.
  128. ↑ Celebrity Net Worth: Imelda Marcos
  129. ↑ Philippines May Curb the Pursuit of Marcos’s Wealth. The New York Times. January 2, 2013.
  130. ↑ Philippines mall mogul rakes it in as crisis hits rich: Forbes. Agence France Press. October 15, 2008
  131. ↑ Suharto, Marcos and Mobutu head corruption table with $50bn scams. The Guardian. March 26, 2004.
  132. ↑ Shoes, jewels, and Monets: recovering the ill-gotten wealth of Imelda Marcos. Foreign Policy. January 16, 2014.
  133. ↑ "Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010". 2010 Census of Population and Housing. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 6 October 2013. 
  134. ↑ Burton, Sandra, Impossible Dream, Warner Books Inc, New York (1989)
  135. ↑ All in the family in Philippine local politics. April 24, 2007.
  136. ↑ Gender Policies And Responses Towards Greater Women Empowerment In The Philippines. University of the Philippines.
  137. ↑ The Political Economy of Corruption. July 1997.
  138. ↑ Imelda: The Words. Independent Lens, PBS.
  139. ↑ The day I met Imelda Marcos. BBC News. October 31, 2000.
  140. ↑ Director fights for Imelda movie. BBC News. July 7, 2004.
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