Imad Mughniyah

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Imad Mughniyeh
عماد مغنية
Imad Mughniyeh
Hezbollah Head of Security
Personal details
Born (1962-12-07)7 December 1962
Lebanon
Died 12 February 2008(2008-02-12) (aged 45)
Damascus, Syria
Nationality Lebanese
Political party Hezbollah
Religion Islam

Imad Fayez Mughniyeh (7 December 1962 – 12 February 2008), also transliterated Mughniyya, Mughniyah, Mogniyah (Arabic: عماد فايز مغنية‎), alias al-Hajj Radwan (الحاج رضوان), was a senior member of Lebanon's Hezbollah. Information about Mughniyeh is limited, but he is generally understood to have been a principal leader and operative for a number of years within Hezbollah's military, intelligence, and security apparatuses. He may also have been among the founders of Hezbollah in the 1980s.

U.S. and Israeli officials have accused Mughniyeh of association with many bombings, kidnappings, and assassinations, beginning with the Beirut barracks bombing and US embassy bombings, both of which took place in 1983 and killed over 350, as well as the kidnapping of dozens of foreigners in Lebanon in the 1980s. He was indicted in Argentina for his alleged role in the 1992 Israeli embassy attack in Buenos Aires. The highest-profile attacks for which it is claimed he is responsible took place in the early 1980s, shortly after the founding of Hezbollah, when Mughniyah was in his early twenties. U.S. officials have accused him of killing more United States citizens than any other militant prior to the 2001 US attacks, and the bombings and kidnappings he is alleged to have organized are credited with all but eliminating the US military presence in Lebanon in the 1980s.[1]

Mughniyeh was known by his nome du guerre al-Hajj Radwan. Mughniyeh was included in the European Union's list of wanted terrorists.[2][3][4] and had a US$5 million bounty on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list.[5]

Mughniyeh was killed on 12 February 2008 by a car bomb that detonated as he passed by on foot.[6] around 11:00 pm local time in the Kafr Sousa neighborhood of Damascus, Syria.[7][8][9]

Early life and activities

Mughniyeh was born in Tayr Dibba on 7 December 1962 to a family of poor farmers who harvested olives and lemons in the orchards of Lebanon's southern Shi'a heartland.[10][11] However, his birth date is given as July 1962, and his father, Ayatollah Sheikh Javad Mughniyeh, is incorrectly reported to be a Shia cleric, living in south Lebanon.[12][13] Mughniyeh was the eldest of three brothers.[11] CIA South Group records state that Mughniyeh lived in Ayn Al-Dilbah, an impoverished neighborhood in South Beirut.[14] Mughniyeh is described as having been a popular boy and a "natural entertainer" who cracked jokes at family weddings and "worked the crowd with a confidence unusual for a youth his age."[10]

Mughniyeh and his cousin Mustafa Badr Al Din became active in the Palestinian Fatah movement at an early age.[15] Mughniyeh was discovered by fellow Lebanese Ali Abu Hassan Deeb (who would later become a leader in Hezbollah) and quickly rose through the ranks of the movement.[16] In the mid-1970s, Mugniyah organized the "Student Brigade," a unit of 100 young men which became part of Yasser Arafat's elite Force 17.[10] Mughniyeh temporarily left Fatah in 1981 due to differences of opinion on the regime of Saddam Hussein. Mughniyeh was a Shiite and deeply religious and was upset by the murder of the Iraqi Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir as-Sadr in 1980 as well as a previous attempt by the Iraqi intelligence on the life of Lebanese Ayatollah Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah.[16]

Fatah was formally in alliance the Lebanese National Movement, which included the Lebanese pro-Iraqi branch of the Ba’th party. Mughniyeh and some of his Lebanese Shiite comrades were forced to leave Fatah after engaging in armed confrontations with Ba’th party activists. They had previously organized a body guard unit for Ayatollah Fadlallah and other Shiite clerics in Lebanon. Mughniyeh accompanied Ayatollah Fadlallah on a Hajj pilgrimage in 1980 and thus earned his Hajj title.[16]

Mughniyeh was a student in the engineering department at the American University of Beirut[17] in 1981 when the United States gave the "green light" for Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon in pursuit of the Palestine Liberation Organization.[18]

When Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982, Mughniyeh was in Iran but hurried back to Beirut where he rejoined Fatah. He participated in the defence of West Beirut, where he was wounded in the fighting. After the withdrawal of PLO forces from Beirut in September 1982 Mughniyeh acquired an important position in the nascent resistance to the Israeli occupation due to his knowledge of arms cashes left behind by the Palestinians. He remained a Fatah member during this period but also worked with other factions, such as the leftist Lebanese National Movement and Islamic resistance groups. Mughniyeh remained a member of Fatah until 1984 when he joined the newly created Islamic Resistance of the Hezbollah. However, he remained close to Fatah leader Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad) until the latter’s death in 1988. He also remained deeply committed to the Palestine cause throughout his life and apparently founded a secret "Committee for Elimination of Israel" inside the Hezbollah in 2000.[19] In later years, and especially after the Oslo accords, Mughniyeh and the Hezbollah sided with the more militant Palestinian factions such as Hamas and the Islamic Jihad.[16]

Mughniyeh worked as the bodyguard for Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, a spiritual mentor to many in Lebanon's Shi'a community whose political consciousness was on the rise. Fadlallah held no formal political role, "opposed violence and sectarian division, and defied growing Iranian influence in Lebanon."

Allegations

U.S. and Israeli officials have accused Mughniyeh of many terrorist attacks, primarily against American and Israeli targets. These include the 18 April 1983 bombing of the United States embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, which killed 63 people including 17 Americans. Agreement is not universal on Mughniyeh's involvement, and Caspar Weinberger, the Secretary of Defense at the time of the attack, told PBS in 2001, "We still do not have the actual knowledge of who did the bombing of the Marine barracks at the Beirut Airport, and we certainly didn't then."[18]

Mughniyeh was also alleged to have directed 23 October 1983 truck bombings against French paratroopers and the U.S. Marine barracks, attacks which killed 58 French soldiers and 241 Marines.[20][21] While a student at the American University of Beirut (AUB) on 18 January 1984, Mughniyeh allegedly assassinated Malcolm Kerr, the school's president. On 20 September 1984, he is alleged to have attacked the US embassy annex building.

The United States indicted Mughniyeh (and his alleged collaborator, Hassan Izz al-Din) for the 14 June 1985 hijacking of TWA Flight 847, which resulted in the death of U.S. Navy diver Robert Stethem.[22] Mughniyeh and his men allegedly beat Stethem for hours, before killing him and dumping his body onto the tarmac.[23]

U.S. and Israeli officials have also alleged that Mughniyeh was involved in numerous kidnappings of Westerners in Beirut during the 1980s, most notably the kidnapping of Terry Anderson, Terry Waite, and William Francis Buckley, who was the CIA station chief in Beirut. Some of these individuals were later killed, such as Buckley, who was tortured and eventually murdered.[24] The remainder were released at various times with the last one, Terry Anderson, released in 1991.[25] On 30 September 1985, Mughniyeh allegedly organized the kidnapping of four diplomats from the Soviet Embassy in Beirut, one of whom he allegedly personally killed. The result of the kidnapping was Soviet pressure on Syria to stop its operations in Northern Lebanon in exchange for release of the remaining three hostages.[26]

On 8 March 1985, the CIA allegedly carried out a car bombing as reprisal for the Marine barracks bombing of 1983. The attack was allegedly an attempt to kill Sheikh Fadlallah, but the cleric escaped harm and the huge explosion killed 62, including Mughniya's brother, and wounded 200 in an impoverished and predominantly Shi'a neighbourhood, .[18] American writer Roger Morris alleges that the attack was a "turning point" in Mughniyeh's life and that afterward he "joined the terrorist arm of the increasingly militant political impulse among Lebanon's Shi'ah from which Hezbollah soon emerged, and as the resistance movement's chief of security and intelligence, he joined one of history's more vicious chain reactions."[18]

Mughniyeh was formally charged by Argentina for his alleged involvement in the 17 March 1992 bombings of the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, which killed 29 and the AMIA cultural building in July 1994, killing 85 people.[27] In March 2007, the Interpol issued "red notices" for his and others' alleged roles in the attack.[28]

In addition, Mughniyeh allegedly planned the killing of the IDF commander in Lebanon, Micha Tamir, and two Israeli soldiers on 6 April 1992.[29]

U.S. and Israeli officials have also alleged that Mugniyah was involved in the Khobar Towers bombing in 1996, which killed 19 Americans and one Saudi citizen.[25]

Israeli officials accuse Mughniyeh of orchestrating the 2000 capture of three Israeli soldiers in the northern part of Israel, and of the kidnapping of Israeli businessman Elchanan Tenenbaum. They also allege that Mughniyeh killed eight soldiers and abducted two during Israel's 2006 incursion into Lebanon.[29]

All of the allegations have been denied by Hezbollah, its leader Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah questioning whether Mughniyeh's U.S. accusers had evidence to back up their allegations.

Nasrallah also stated that, "Hajj Imad is among the best freedom fighters in the Lebanese arena. He had a very important role during the occupation [of southern Lebanon by Israel]. But as for his relationship with Hezbollah, we maintain the tradition of not discussing names."[30]

According to former CIA agent Robert Baer, "Mughniyah is probably the most intelligent, most capable operative we’ve ever run across, including the KGB or anybody else. He enters by one door, exits by another, changes his cars daily, never makes appointments on a telephone, never is predictable. He only uses people that are related to him that he can trust. He doesn’t just recruit people."[23] He was described as "tall, slender, well-dressed and handsome ... penetrating eyes," speaking some English but better French.[31]

Organizational affiliation

Mugniyah has been allegedly linked to Palestinian operations such as the Karine A incident in 2002, where the Palestinian Authority was accused of importing fifty tons of weapons. He was a member of Force 17, an armed branch of the Fatah movement charged with providing security for Yasser Arafat and other prominent PLO officials.[32]

In the mid-February 1997, the pro-Israeli South Lebanese Army radio station reported that Iran's intelligence service had dispatched Mughniyeh to Lebanon to directly supervise the reorganisation of Hezbollah's security apparatus concerned with Palestinian affairs in Lebanon and to work as a security liaison between Hezbollah and Iranian intelligence. Mughniyeh also reportedly controlled Hezbollah's security apparatus, the Special Operations Command, which handles intelligence and conducts overseas terrorist acts. Allegedly, although he used Hezbollah as a cover, he reported to the Iranians.[33] According to Jeffery Goldberg, writing in the New Yorker, "It is believed that Mugniyeh takes orders from the office of Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, but that he reports to a man named Ghassem Soleimani, the chief of a branch of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps called Al Quds, or the Jerusalem Force—the arm of the Iranian government responsible for sponsoring terror attacks on Israeli targets."[25] In January 2002, the US cable also stated that Mughnieah left Hezbollah and got closer to Iran.[34] However, Mughniyeh was a member of Hezbollah's jihadist council until his death in February 2008.[35] After the July 2006 war between Israel and Hezbollah, he was assigned by Hezbollah the improvement of the military capabilities of the resistance in Lebanon and Damascus was his centre for this activity.[36]

The European Union listed him as "Senior Intelligence Officer of Hezbollah".[4]

Arrest warrants and attempted assassination

Various law enforcement agencies attempted to capture Mughniyeh. The United States tried to secure his capture in France in 1986, but were thwarted by French refusal to detain him.

The United States tried to capture him several times afterward, beginning with a 1995 operation that was put in place after it was realized Mughniyeh was flying a Middle East Airlines charter flight A-310 Airbus from Khartoum to Beirut after a meeting with several militant leaders, and was scheduled to make a stop-over in Saudi Arabia. But Saudi airport officials refused to allow the plane to make its stop-over, thwarting American bids to arrest Mughniyeh.[37][38]

The next year, U.S. military personnel planned to seize him off a ship in Doha, Qatar, but the operation was called off. This plan, dubbed Operation RETURN OX, was carried out by ships and sailors of Amphibious Squadron Three (USS ''Tarawa'', USS ''Duluth'', USS ''Rushmore''), Marines of the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit, and Navy SEALs assigned to the U.S. Fifth Fleet. The operation was underway, but was canceled at the last minute when it could not be verified that Mughniyeh was actually on board the Pakistani ship.

On 10 October 2001, Mughniyeh appeared on the initial list of the FBI's top 22 Most Wanted Terrorists, which was released to the public by President Bush, with a reward of up to $5 million offered for information leading to his arrest.[39] Later the reward was increased to $25 million.[13] This reward remained outstanding as of 2006.[40][41] In addition, he was in 42 countries' wanted list.[13]

The Israeli government allegedly made several attempts to assassinate Mughniyeh. His brother Fuad, a car shop owner, was killed in a 1994 Beirut car bombing and another brother, Jihad, was killed in a car-bombing assassination attempt on the life of Hezbollah founder Sheikh Fadlallah in 1985, this one rumored to be the work of the CIA via the South Lebanese Army.[42] Israel planned to assassinate Imad Mughniyeh when he attended the funeral of his brother Fuad, but he did not show.[42]

Jeffrey Goldberg in The New Yorker magazine[25] suggested that Mugniyeh attended a meeting between Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. He was there representing Hezbollah in Lebanon. Mugniyeh had been informed that he was at the top of a US military and CIA assassination list. For this reason, he was said to avoid certain areas of Beirut for fear of being killed by CIA operators.

Personal life

In 1983, Mughniyeh married his cousin, Saada Badr Al Din, who is the sister of Mustafa Badr Al Din.[43] Mughniyah had two children from the marriage: Fatima(born August 1984) and Mustafa (born January 1987).[43] In September 1991, Mugniyeh’s wife and children were sent to Tehran for security reasons.[43] Later his family began to live in south Lebanon.[44] Mughniyah also married an Iranian woman, Wafaa Mughniyeh, with whom he lived in Damascus.[44][45]

Assassination and burial

The fire immediately after the car bomb went off.

Mughniyeh was killed on 12 February 2008 by a car bomb blast around 11:00 p.m. in the Kafr Sousa neighborhood of Damascus, Syria.[7][8] According to The Sunday Times, Mughniyeh was at a reception marking the 29th anniversary of the Iranian Revolution hosted by the Iranian ambassador to Syria, Hojatoleslam Ahmad Musavi.[46] Mughniyeh left the party shortly after 10:30 pm and walked to his Mitsubishi Pajero.[47] The driver seat headrest had been replaced by one with a high-explosive, which detonated when Mughniyah entered the vehicle.[46] The blast completely destroyed the car, left minimum damage on nearby buildings, and killed only Mughniyeh.[47] A Syrian government investigation found that he was killed by a car bomb parked nearby and detonated by remote.[48]

Mughniyeh's body was taken to Beirut and a funeral was organized by Hezbollah on 14 February.[49] Senior Iranian officials attended the service; Ali Akbar Velayati representing the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and Foreign Minister Manuchehr Mottaki representing President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.[50] A symbolic tomb was erected for Mughniyeh in the Behesht-e-Zahra cemetery of Tehran.[50]

Israel officially denied being behind the killing,[8] but Mughniyeh reportedly had been a target of Mossad assassination attempts since the 1990s.[51] Accounts cited by the Jerusalem Post state that Mughniyeh was assassinated in revenge for the 2006 Lebanon War, which he was accused of having a role in instigating. Mossad tasked the Kidon Division, a unit of assassins which operates under the Caesarea Branch, with the mission. An account stated that a team of operatives entered Damascus, where they waited for Mughniyeh. When Mughniyeh walked past the explosives-laden car, it was detonated. The Times writes that Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert met privately with Mossad Director-General Meir Dagan on the day of Mughniyeh's burial, reportedly to congratulate him.[46]

On 27 February 2008, The Jerusalem Post reported that Al-Quds Al-Arabi had written that anonymous "Syrian sources" had claimed that "several Arab nations conspired with Mossad" in the assassination of Mughniya.[52]

The U.S. Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell has suggested that it was also possible that internal Hezbollah factions or Syria was responsible for the killing.[53] Without naming a source, the German newspaper Die Welt wrote that a story had been circulated amongst German diplomatic staff that it was possible that associates of late Assef Shawkat had assassinated Mughniyeh.[54][55] This would have been in revenge for Mughniyeh tipping off Syrian President Bashar al-Assad regarding a coup plotted against him, which the Syrian government had foiled a couple of days before his assassination. Releasing the story in advance of going to print, Die Welt said the Syrian embassy in Berlin had rejected the coup story as utterly untrue. Lebanese politicians Walid Jumblatt, Saad Hariri as well as Mughniyeh's Iranian widow also accused Syrian officials.[12] His widow, after returning to Iran from Damascus, stated "This is why the Syrian regime has refused the help of Iran and Hizbollah in the investigation of the murder... The Syrian traitors assisted in my husband’s murder."[12] However, later she denied her statements.[12]

The Kuwaiti newspaper Al-Rai reported that Hezbollah sources said they would retaliate for Mughniyeh's death by assassinating Israeli leaders.[56]

Reaction

At Mugniyah's funeral, Hassan Nasrallah appeared via video link and in the eulogy delivered for his fallen comrade, declared: "You crossed the borders. Zionists, if you want an open war, let it be an open war anywhere."[10][57] Lebanese senior cleric Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah said that "the resistance has lost one of its pillars."[58] Iran condemned the killing as: "yet another brazen example of organised state terrorism by the Zionist regime".[59]

The assassination of Mughniyeh was condemned in some parts of the world. Then Italian Foreign Minister Massimo D'Alema termed the assassination "terror" in an interview,[60] while Gideon Levy of the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz claimed the assassination actually undermined Israel's security.[61] In Kuwait, there was a rally mourning his death. A member of Kuwait's parliament asserted "Mugniyah is a martyr hero who shook the grounds beneath the Zionist enemy (Israel) and America,"[62] Jordan's largest political party condemned the assassination as a cowardly crime.[62] Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said "The bloodthirsty Zionists must know that the pure blood of martyrs like Imad Mugniyah will grow hundreds like him and will increase resistance against corruption and atrocities twofold." When polled shortly afterwards, over 61 percent of Lebanese believed Hezbollah's retaliation for Imad Mugniyah's killing by Israel would be justified.[62]

The Bush administration welcomed news of his death. A spokesman of the U.S. State Department said: "The world is a better place without this man in it. He was a coldblooded killer, a mass murderer and a terrorist responsible for countless innocent lives lost. One way or another he was brought to justice."[63] Danny Yatom, former head of the Israeli Mossad said: "He was one of the most dangerous terrorists ever on Earth." [64]

References

  1. ↑ "Mughnieh murder could trigger retaliation", By Nicholas Blanford - TCSM, 16 February 2008
  2. ↑ European Union, Council Common Position 2001/931/CFSP of 27 December 2001 on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism Freezing funds: list of terrorists and terrorist groups Accessed 17 August 2006
  3. ↑ Council Common Position 2005/427/CFSP of 6 June 2005 Official Journal L 144 , 08/06/2005 P. 0054 - 0058 Accessed August 17, 2006
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 COUNCIL COMMON POSITION 2005/847/CFSP of 29 November 2005 Official Journal of the European Union Accessed 17 August 2006
  5. ↑ "Reputed terrorist long sought by CIA killed in explosion". CNN (Beirut). 14 February 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2013. 
  6. ↑ Assassinations: the work of Mossad? From Times, 16 February 2010
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Hezbollah's most wanted commander killed in Syria bomb". Reuters. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Powell, Robyn; Chivers, Tom (13 February 2008). "Israel denies assassinating Hezbollah chief". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 February 2008. 
  9. ↑ , "Will Hezbullah avenge the hit on its terror chief?" by Yaakov Katz, 11 February 2011
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Kevin Peraino (25 February 2008). "The Fox is Hunted Down". Newsweek. Retrieved 7 August 2010. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Glass, Charles (16 February 2008). "Obituary of Imad Mougnieh: Elusive Hizbollah leader". The Independent. Retrieved 9 April 2013. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Kazemzadeh, Masoud; Gabriel Emile Eid (2008). "An Analysis of the Assassination of the Lebanese Hezbollah Commander Imad Mughniyah: Hypotheses and Consequences". American Foreign Policy Interests 30 (6): 399–413. doi:10.1080/10803920802569324. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Imad Mughniyeh: Hezbollah’s Phantom Killed". Asharq Alawsat. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2013. 
  14. ↑ Baer, Robert (2002). See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA's War on Terrorism. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-4684-X.  p. 98–99
  15. ↑ "Hezbollah: Portrait of a Terrorist Organization". The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Ibrahim al-Amin (17 February 2012). "بعض من سيرة ساحر المقاومة (About the life of the magician of the resistance)". Al Akhbar. Retrieved 10 November 2011. 
  17. ↑ Risen, James (17 January 2002). "A Nation Challenged: A Suspect; U.S. Traces Iran's Ties to Terror Through a Lebanese". New York Times. Retrieved 13 February 2008. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "The Assassination of Mughniyeh: A Death in Damascus". 25 February 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008. 
  19. ↑ Mughniya: "After the liberation in 2000, when it became easier for us to learn more about the enemy, and our own capabilities, the dream of liberating Palestine appeared possible to achieve. We had established a committee for the elimination of Israel (لجنة لإزالة إسرائيل). In the Resistance, we have, furthermore, a special unit for Palestine. We do not do the work for the Palestinians, and will never do that. But from a political, moral and religious standpoint we are required to provide full support for the resistance fighters in Palestine, not only to help them stay where they are now, but to resist the occupation and gradually push it out of the occupied territories." (al-Akhbar, 17 February 2012)
  20. ↑ Nicholas Blanford (4 March 2008). "U.S. warship stirs Lebanese fear of war". Christian Science Monitor. 
  21. ↑ "U.S. renews bid to catch Beirut bombing suspect". CNN. 10 October 2001. Retrieved 12 January 2013. 
  22. ↑ Norton, Augustus (2007). Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-13124-4.  p. 77
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Kohn, David (11 February 2009). "Shadow Warriors". CBS News. Retrieved 12 January 2013. 
  24. ↑ Martin, David C. and Walcott, John, "Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America's War Against Terrorism," Harper & Row, (1988), pp. 154-55, 233
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Goldberg, Jeffrey (28 October 2002). "In the party of God". The New Yorker. Retrieved 12 January 2013. 
  26. ↑ Interview with former Beirut KGB resident Yuri Perfilev
  27. ↑ Norton, Augustus Richard, Hezbollah: A Short History, Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 79
  28. ↑ "Argentina: More international arrest warrants issued for 1994 Jewish center bombimg". South American Political and Economic Affairs. 16 November 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2013. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Katz, Yaakov (14 February 2008). "Security and Defense: Who was Imad Mughniyeh?". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 17 January 2013. 
  30. ↑ Nicholas Blanford (13 February 2008). "Hizballah Mourns Its Shadowy Hero". Time. Retrieved 18 February 2008. 
  31. ↑ According to hostage David Jacobsen. Wright, Robin, Sacred Rage, Simon and Schuster, (2001), p. 274
  32. ↑ Darling, Dan (25 July 2006). "Mind of Mugniyeh". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved 12 January 2013. 
  33. ↑ Rex A. Hudson, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, September 1999 The Sociology and Psychology of Terrorism: Who becomes a terrorist and why? Accessed 17 August 2006
  34. ↑ "Declassifed State Department cables on Hezbollah's Imad Mughniyah". Intel Wire. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2013. 
  35. ↑ "Hezbollah Again Postpones General Congress". Al Monitor. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013. 
  36. ↑ "The Final Hours of Imad Mughniyeh". Al Akhbar (Damascus). 19 February 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013. 
  37. ↑ Katz, Samuel M. "Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists", 2002
  38. ↑ Schnepper, Jeff A. (1 July 2002). '+oil+weapon.+(Economic+Observer).-a090683552 "Take away the Saudis' oil weapon". USA Today (Magazine). Retrieved 25 March 2013. 
  39. ↑ BBC News, 10 October 2001 America's 'most wanted terrorists' Retrieved 17 August 2006
  40. ↑ Federal Bureau of Investigation www.globalsecurity.org Accessed 17 August 2006
  41. ↑ Rewards for Justice Imad Fayez Mugniyah Retrieved 17 August 2006
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Melman, Yossi (13 February 2008). "Hezbollah terror chief was more wanted than Nasrallah". Haaretz. Retrieved 15 March 2013. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 "Car bomb kills Imad Mugniyeh, "The Fox"". Nation Special. 17 February 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2012. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Borzou Daragahi; Sebastian Rotella (31 August 2008). "Hezbollah warlord was an enigma". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 January 2013. 
  45. ↑ 's+widow+living+wealthy+%26+lavish+lifestyle.-a0276134885 "Terrorist's widow living wealthy & lavish lifestyle". Iran Times International. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2013. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Mahnaimi, Uzi; Jaber, Hala; Swain, Jon (17 February 2008). "Israel kills terror chief with headrest bomb". The Sunday Times (London). Retrieved 6 February 2008. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Erich Follath; Holger Stark (11 February 2009). "How Israel Destroyed Syria's Al Kibar Nuclear Reactor". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 15 January 2013. 
  48. ↑ Stern, Yoav (16 February 2008). "50,000 Hezbollah men said deployed along border with Israel". Haaretz. Retrieved 16 February 2008. 
  49. ↑ Zisser, Eyal (17 February 2008). "Imad Mughniyeh: The Aftermath". Tel Aviv Notes. Retrieved 15 March 2013. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Chalhoub, Elie (14 February 2012). "Imad Mughniyeh in Iran: The Stuff of Legends". Al Akhbar. Retrieved 4 August 2013. 
  51. ↑ "Hezbollah deputy leader was behind string of terror attacks". Haaretz. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2008. 
  52. ↑ "'Arabs helped Mossad kill Mughniyeh'". The Jerusalem Post. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2008. 
  53. ↑ U.S. spy chief: Hezbollah may be behind Mughniyah killing
  54. ↑ "Die Welt report: Assef Shawkat attempted a coup in Syria". Ya Libnan. 8 June 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. 
  55. ↑ "Report: Syria foiled attempted coup by Assad's brother-in-law". Haaretz. 8 June 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008. 
  56. ↑ "Report: Hizballah threatens to assassinate Israeli leaders". Israel Today. 18 February 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008. 
  57. ↑ ADL (31 March 2008). "Hezbollah Threatens "Open War" on Israel". ADL. 
  58. ↑ Westcott, Kathryn (13 February 2008). "Hezbollah's most secretive operative". BBC. Retrieved 2 April 2010. 
  59. ↑ "Bomb kills top Hezbollah leader". BBC. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2010. 
  60. ↑ Rapoport, Meron (22 February 2008). "Italian FM says Mughniyeh killing in Damascus was act of 'terror'". Haaretz. Retrieved 12 January 2013. 
  61. ↑ Levy, Gideon (17 February 2008). "Liquidation sale". Haaretz. Retrieved 22 July 2012. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 "No Operation". Press TV. Retrieved 22 July 2012. 
  63. ↑ Sturcke, James (13 February 2008). "Car bomb kills Hizbullah chief in Syria". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2 April 2010. 
  64. ↑ Shadid, Anthony; Ibrahim, Alia (14 February 2008). "Bombing Kills Top Figure in Hezbollah". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 April 2010. 
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