Ilex guayusa

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Ilex guayusa
Ilex guayusa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Aquifoliales
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Genus: Ilex
Species: I. guayusa
Binomial name
Ilex guayusa

Ilex guayusa (/ˈaɪlɛks ˈɡwaɪjuːsə/ or /ˈaɪlɛks ˈwaɪjuːsə/) is an Amazonian tree of the holly genus, native to the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest. One of three known caffeinated holly trees, the leaves of the guayusa tree are dried and brewed like a tea for their stimulative effects.

The guayusa plant is a tree growing 6–30 meters tall. The leaves are evergreen and 2.5–7 cm long. The flowers are small and white. The fruit is spherical and red, 6–7 mm in diameter. The leaves contain caffeine and other alkaloids.[1]

Biological descriptions

The plant yields xanthines such as caffeine. Two other species of holly trees, Ilex paraguariensis, or yerba mate, and Ilex vomitoria, or yaupon holly, also contain caffeine. A tall tree native to the upper Amazonian regions of Ecuador, northeastern Peru, and southwestern Colombia, guayusa has been collected only rarely by botanists is known almost exclusively as a cultivated plant.[2] Melvin Shemluck documented a flowering guayusa tree in Pastaza Province, Ecuador in his work between 1979 and 1980.[3]

Photo of Ilex guayusa tree

Cultivation and use as a beverage

The plant is grown primarily in Ecuador in the eastern provinces of Napo and Pastaza, but is found in parts of Peru and Colombia. After harvest, the guayusa leaves are dried which allows flavor to develop.[2][4]

Traditionally, some Ecuadorian Kichwa people boil guayusa leaves in water and consume the resulting beverage for its stimulative effects.[2] In addition to drinking cups of guayusa like many Americans drink coffee, indigenous hunters drink guayusa to sharpen their instincts and call it the “Night Watchman" because it helps them stay alert and awake all night.[5] Fresh leaves are used as well as dried leaves, which are dried in rolls and strung together as a wreath resembling a Hawaiian lei.

Chemical composition and properties

In addition to caffeine, guayusa also contains theobromine, a stimulant commonly found in chocolate, and L-theanine, a glutamic acid analog found in green tea that has been shown to reduce physical and mental stress.[6][7][8]

Chemical analyses in 2009 and 2010 have shown caffeine content in guayusa of 2.90-3.28% by dry weight.[9][10] Guayusa contains all of the essential amino acids for humans and has a “high antioxidant activity,” with ORAC antioxidant values of 58μM per gram, compared to 28-29μM per gram for commercial green teas.[11][12][13]

There have been few published studies on the possible medical benefits of guayusa, but one study has shown that ingesting guayusa helped reduce hyperglycemia and other side-effects of Type 1 diabetes in an animal model.[14]

Leaves of Ilex guayusa

Synonyms

"Wayusa" as spelled in the indigenous Kichwa language of the Ecuadorian Amazon. Also pronounced "Why-sa" by the Kichwa people and "Why-ees" by the Shuar people.

Picked leaves of Ilex guayusa plant in Archidona, Ecuador

Myths and legends

Michael Harner, the founder of the Foundation for Shamanic Studies describes how “the Jivaro say guayusa is so habituating that before it is offered to a visitor, he is warned that once he drinks it, he will ever always after return to the Ecuadorian Jungle.”[15]

The Kichwa people claim that guayusa induces dreams that foretell whether hunting expeditions will be successful.[16]

Leaves of dried guayusa

A 1,500-year-old bundle of guayusa leaves was found by Harvard University ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes in a medicine man's tomb high in the Bolivian Andes, far beyond the natural range of the plant.[17]

Commercialization

Commercial supply chains for guayusa incorporating fair trade practices and organic principles are being established in the Ecuadorian Amazon.

See also

  • Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) - South American caffeinated holly species used to make Mate.
  • Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria) - southeastern North American caffeinated holly species used to make the Black Drink.
  • Kuding (Ilex kudingcha) - Asian holly species used with Ligustrum robustum for Chinese kǔdīng chá tea.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Loizeau P.-A. and G. Barriera (1 March 2007). "Aquifoliaceae of Neotropics Ilex guayusa Loes.". Monographia Aquifoliacearum. Retrieved 2 August 2011. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lewis, WH; Kennelly, EJ; Bass, GN; Wedner, HJ; Elvin, L (May–June 1991). "Ritualistic use of the holly Ilex guayusa by Amazonian Jivaro Indians". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 33: 25–30. 
  3. ↑ Shemluck, Melvin (1979). The flowers of Ilex guayusa (Report).
  4. ↑ "Processing". Runa. Retrieved 2011-07-21. 
  5. ↑ "Cultural Heritage". Runa. Retrieved 2011-07-21. 
  6. ↑ "Lab Number:056939". Advanced Botanical Consulting & Testing, Inc. Retrieved 2011-07-21. 
  7. ↑ "New drinks review: Amazonian 'superherb' hits the market". Datamonitor Expert View. Retrieved 2011-07-21. 
  8. ↑ Kimura K, Ozeki M, Juneja L, Ohira H (2007). "L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses". Biol Psychol 74 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.006. PMID 16930802. 
  9. ↑ "Lab Number:056939". Advanced Botanical Consulting & Testing, Inc. 
  10. ↑ "Componentes Quimicos Guayusa 19Oct09". 
  11. ↑ Dr. Adonis Bello Alarcón. "Identificación y cuantificación de aminoácidos". Retrieved 2011-08-03. 
  12. ↑ To assess antioxidant capacity of Guayusa (Report). Center of Studies of Biological Research and Evaluation (CEIEB in Spanish) Pharmacy and Food Institute Universidad de la Habana. 2010. http://www.scribd.com/doc/61535352/Guayusa-FRAP-Study-English-Translation.
  13. ↑ Test Report for the Whole ORAC Values (Report). Genox. 2010. http://www.scribd.com/doc/59140093/Genox-ORAC-Guayusa-Green-Tea-Comparisons.
  14. ↑ Swanston-Flatt, SK; Day, C; Flatt, PR; Gould, BJ; Bailey, CJ (Feb 1989). "Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice.". Diabetes Res. 10(2): 69–73. 
  15. ↑ Harner, Michael The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing. Harper & Row, 1980. http://www.scribd.com/doc/59959885/The-Way-of-the-Shaman-Harner-OCR-Edition-Resistance-2010. ISBN 0-553-20693-1
  16. ↑ Spruce, R. (1996). Notas de un botánico en el Amazonas y los Andes. Quito, Ecuador: Colección Tierra Incógnita. 
  17. ↑ ASIN B0006CBD7G, A medicine-man's implements and plants in a Tiahuanacoid tomb in highland Bolivia

External links

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