Ignacy Domeyko

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Ignacy Domeyko
Born July 31, 1802
Died January 23, 1889

Ignacy Domeyko or Domejko, pseudonym: Żegota (Spanish: Ignacio Domeyko) (July 31, 1802 – January 23, 1889, Santiago de Chile) was a Polish geologist, mineralogist and educator. Domeyko spent most of his life, and died, in his adopted country, Chile.

After a youth passed in the partitioned Poland, Domeyko participated in the November 1830 Uprising against the Russian Empire. Upon its suppression, he was forced into exile and spent part of his life in France (where he had gone with fellow Philomath, Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz) before eventually settling in Chile, of which he became a citizen. He lived some 50 years in Chile and made major contributions to the study of that country's geography, geology and mineralogy. His observations on the circumstances of poverty-stricken miners and of their wealthy exploiters had a profound influence on those who would go on to shape Chile's labor movement.

Domeyko is seen as having had close ties to several countries and thus in 2002, when UNESCO organized a series of commemorations of the 200th anniversary of his birth, he was referred to as "a citizen of the world".[1][2]

Life

Krakowskie Przedmieście 64, Warsaw, with plaque commemorating Domeyko
Plaque commemorating the "distinguished son of the Polish nation and eminent citizen of Chile"

Domeyko was born at a manor house located within the then Russian partition of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, at Niedźwiadka Wielka (Belarusian: Мядзьведка — Miadzviedka) Manor (Bear Cub Manor) near Nieśwież (Nesvizh), Minsk Governorate, Imperial Russia (now Karelichy district, Belarus). The Domeyko family held the Polish coat of arms Dangiel. His father, Hipolit Domeyko, who was president of the local land court (Polish: sąd ziemski), died when Ignacy was seven years old; his uncles then served as his guardians.[3]

In his youth he was a subject of the Russian Empire. Domeyko, however, had been brought up in the culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a multicultural state whose educated and dominant classes had spoken Polish as a lingua franca and that, shortly before Domeyko's birth, had been dismembered in the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. For this reason, and because Domeyko subsequently spent most of his life in Chile, he is considered a person of national importance to Poles, Belarusians[citation needed], Lithuanians[citation needed] and Chileans.

Domeyko enrolled at Vilnius University, then known as the Imperial University of Vilna, in 1816 as a student of mathematics and physics.[3] He studied under Jędrzej Śniadecki. Involved with the Philomaths, a secret student organisation dedicated to Polish culture and the restoration of Poland's independence, he was a close friend of Adam Mickiewicz. In 1823–24, during the investigation and trials of the Philomaths, Domeyko and Mickiewicz spent months incarcerated at Vilnius' Uniate Basilian monastery.

After participating in the November 1830 Uprising, in which Domeyko served as an officer under General Dezydery Chłapowski, in 1831 Domeyko was forced into exile in order not to face Russian reprisals.

Journeying through Germany, he arrived in France, where he would earn an engineering degree at Paris' École des Mines (School of Mining). He also studied at the Sorbonne and maintained his political engagements with Belarusians, Poles, and Lithuanians.[3]

Bust of Domeyko, University of Chile

In 1838 Domeyko left for Chile. There he made substantial contributions to mineralogy and the technology of mining, studied several previously unknown minerals, advocated for the civil rights of the native tribal peoples, and was a meteorologist and ethnographer. He is also credited with introducing the metric system to Latin America.[3]

He served as a professor at a mining college in Coquimbo (La Serena) and after 1847 at the University of Chile (Universidad de Chile, in Santiago), of which he was rector for 16 years (1867–83).[3][3]

Domeyko gained Chilean citizenship in 1849, but declared at the time that "I may now never change my citizenship, but God grants me hope that wherever I may be—whether in the Cordilleras or in [the Vilnius suburb of] Paneriai—I shall die a Lithuanian."[4][5] The term "Lithuanian" at that time, however, designated any inhabitant, whatever his ethnicity, of the territories of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In 1884 Domeyko returned for an extended visit to Europe and remained there until 1889, visiting his birthplace and other places in the former Commonwealth, as well as Paris and Jerusalem.[3]

In 1887 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Jagiellonian University, in Kraków.[3]

In 1889, soon after returning to Santiago, Chile, Domeyko died.[3]

Memorials

Domeyko's tomb, Santiago, Chile

Named for Domeyko are the mineral domeykite, the shellfish Nautilus domeykus, the genus Domeykosaurus, the ammonite Amonites domeykanus, asteroid 2784 Domeyko, the Cordillera Domeyko mountain range in the Andes, and the Chilean town of Domeyko.

A bronze bust of Domeyko stands in the Casa Central of Santiago's University of Chile, of which Domeyko was a long-time rector.

In 1992, a plaque in Spanish and Polish was placed on a building at Krakowskie Przedmieście 64, in Warsaw, Poland, commemorating Ignacy Domeyko / Ignacio Domeyko, "distinguished son of the Polish nation and eminent citizen of Chile."

On the 200th anniversary of his birth, UNESCO declared 2002 to be "Ignacy Domeyko Year."[1] Several commemorative events were held in Chile under the auspices of Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski and Chilean President Ricardo Lagos.

In 2002, Poland and Chile jointly issued a postage stamp commemorating the 200th anniversary of Domeyko's birth.

Also in 2002, a 200th-birthday plaque honoring him was placed in the entry gate to Vilnius' Uniate Basilian monastery, where he and Adam Mickiewicz were held in 1823–24 during the investigation and trials of the Philomaths.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 CULTURAL BULLETIN 21 (165), Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2002
  2. ↑ Algimantas Grigelis' preface to the book "Ignotas Domeika/Ignacy Domeyko 1802 - 1889, Ignacy Domeyko - A Citizen of the World - scroll down for English translation
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 "Ignaсy Domeyko". Government of Belarus. Retrieved 2009-09-02. 
  4. ↑ UNESCO. Ignotas Domeika 200. Retrieved on 2008-07-24
  5. ↑ (Lithuanian) "Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidento Valdo Adamkaus kalba atidengiant paminklinę lentą Ignotui Domeikai". President of the Republic of Lithuania. Retrieved 2009-01-27. "...ar Kordiljeruose mirsiu, ar Paneriuose - mirsiu lietuviu..." 

See also

References

  • Ignacy Domeyko (1962). Moje podróże: pamiętniki wygnańca (My Travels: Memoirs of an Exile). Wrocław: Ossolineum.  Polish language
  • Zbigniew Wójcik (1995). Ignacy Domeyko: Litwa, Francja, Chile (Ignacy Domeyko: Lithuania, France, Chile). Wrocław, Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze. ISBN 83-904914-2-7.  Polish language
  • Małgorzata Kośka (1998). Ignacy Domeyko. Warsaw, "DiG". ISBN 83-7181-062-8.  Polish language
  • Jadwiga Garbowska, Krzysztof Jakubowski (1995). Ignacy Domeyko: (1802-1889). Warsaw-Lida, Towarzystwo Kultury Polskiej Ziemi Lidzkiej. ISBN 83-901353-6-1.  Polish language
  • Zdzisław Jan Ryn (1994). Ignacio Domeyko - ciudadano de dos patrias (Ignacy Domeyko - citizen of two fatherlands). Antofagasta, Universidad Catolica del Norte.  Portuguese language
  • Zdzisław Jan Ryn (2002). Ignacy Domeyko - obywatel świata (Ignacy Domeyko - citizen of the world). Kraków, Jagiellonian University Press. ISBN 83-233-1552-3.  review, Polish language
  • Paz Domeyko Lea-Plaza. Ignacio Domeyko. La Vida de un Emigrante. Santiago, Chile.2002. Random House Mondadori (Editorial Sudamericana)ISBN 9562621618 Spanish language
  • Paz Domeyko. A Life in Exile. Ignacy Domeyko 1802-1889. Sydney, Australia 2005. ISBN 0-646-44728-9 }.9. English language. Available from author. See website Paz Domeyko, www.domeyko.org

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