IOS jailbreaking

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

iOS jailbreaking is the process of removing limitations on iOS, Apple's operating system on devices running it through the use of software and hardware exploits; such devices include the iPhone, iPod touch, iPad, and second-generation Apple TV. Jailbreaking permits root access to the iOS file system and manager, allowing the download of additional applications, extensions, and themes that are unavailable through the official Apple App Store. Jailbreaking is a form of privilege escalation,[1][2] and the term has been used to describe privilege escalation on devices by other manufacturers as well.[3][4] The name refers to breaking the device out of its "jail",[5] which is a technical term used in Unix-style systems, for example in the term "FreeBSD jail". A jailbroken iPhone, iPod touch, or iPad running iOS can still use the App Store, iTunes, and other normal functions, such as making telephone calls.

Restoring a device with iTunes removes the jailbreak.[6][7][8]

Unlike rooting an Android device, jailbreaking is necessary if the user intends to run software not authorized by Apple. The legality of jailbreaking depends on countries and conditions.

Reasons for jailbreaking

One of the reasons for jailbreaking is to expand the feature set limited by Apple and its App Store.[9] Apple checks apps for compliance with its iOS Developer Program License Agreement before accepting them for distribution in the App Store.[10] However, their reasons for banning apps are not limited to safety and security and may be construed as arbitrary and capricious.[11] As the list of banned apps continues to grow,[12] users rely on jailbreaking to circumvent Apple's censorship of content and features. Jailbreaking permits the downloading of programs not approved by Apple,[13] such as customization apps used to change the User Interface.

Since software programs available through Cydia are not required to adhere to App Store guidelines, many of them are not typical self-contained apps but instead are extensions and customizations for iOS and other apps.[14] Users install these programs for purposes including personalization and customization of the interface,[14] adding desired features and fixing annoyances,[15] and making development work on the device easier by providing access to the filesystem and command-line tools.[16][17] Many Chinese iPhone owners jailbreak their phones to install third-party Chinese character input systems because they are easier to use than Apple's.[18]

Use of handset on multiple carriers

Jailbreaking also opens the possibility for using software to unofficially unlock carrier-locked iPhones so they can be used with other carriers.[19] Software-based unlocks have been available since September 2007,[20] with each tool applying to a specific iPhone model and baseband version (or multiple models and versions).[21]

Early exploit fixes

On July 15, 2011, Apple released a new version of iOS that closed the exploit used in JailbreakMe 3.0. The German Federal Office for Information Security had reported that the "critical weakness" uncovered by JailbreakMe meant that iOS users could potentially have their information stolen or unwillingly downloaded malware by clicking on maliciously crafted PDF files.[22] Before Apple released a fix for this security hole, jailbreak users had access to a fix published by the developer of JailbreakMe.

Device customization

After "jailbreaking" their iPhone, owners can access almost unlimited customization, allowing for better control of the phone's settings, like the user interface, and color scheme. For iPhone users, this is the solution to the iPhone's restrictions, making it possible to allow similar customization like Google's operating system, Android. But, the amount of customization that is available through jailbreaking is far more advanced than Android, or any other stock operating system.[citation needed] The reason is that Android tends to be much more customizable and open even without rooting, while iOS requires jail breaking for pretty much anything extra.

Security, privacy, and stability

The first iPhone worm, iKee, appeared in early November 2009, created by a 21-year-old Australian student in the town of Wollongong. He told Australian media that he created the worm to raise awareness of security issues: jailbreaking allows users to install an SSH service, which those users can leave in the default unsecure state.[23] In the same month, F-Secure reported on a new malicious worm compromising bank transactions from jailbroken phones in the Netherlands, similarly affecting devices where the owner had installed SSH without changing the default password.[24][25]

A Forbes staff analyzed UCSB study on 1407 free programs available from a third party source and Apple. Of the 1,407 free apps investigated in the cited study, 825 were downloaded from Apple’s App Store using the website App Tracker, and 526 from BigBoss (Cydia's default repository). 21% of official apps tested leaked device ID and 4% leaked location. Unofficial apps leaked 4% and 0.2% respectively. 0.2% of apps from Cydia leaked photos and browsing history, while the Apple store leaked none. He commented that unauthorized apps tend to respect privacy better than official ones.[26] Also, there is a program called PrivaCy that allows user to control the upload of usage statistics to remote servers.[26]

Installing software published outside the App Store has the potential to affect battery life and system stability if the software is poorly optimized or frequently uses resource-draining services (such as 3G or Wi-Fi).[27][28][29]

"Jailbreaking" vs. "Android rooting"

Jailbreaking devices running the Apple iOS operating system is sometimes compared to gaining root access on Android devices. However, these are distinct concepts. In the tightly-controlled iOS world, technical restrictions prevent installing or booting into a modified or entirely new operating system. (A “locked bootloader” prevents this). Sideloading unsigned applications onto the device is also prevented. Finally, user-installed apps are restricted from having root privileges. Bypassing all these restrictions together constitute the expansive term “jailbreaking” of Apple devices. That is, jailbreaking entails overcoming several types of iOS security features simultaneously.

With few exceptions, Android devices typically do not have an unlockable bootloader to prevent replacing or modifying the operating system. Sideloading apps is also typically permissible in default Android installations.[30] Thus, it is primarily the third aspect of iOS jailbreaking relating to giving users superuser administrative privileges that most directly correlates to Android rooting.

Difficulty

Apple has released various updates to iOS that patches exploits used by jailbreak utilities, like iOS 6.1.3 patches an update used by the original evasi0n iOS 6-6.1.2 jailbreak. Bootrom exploits cannot be patched by Apple by system updates, but could be fixed in hardware revisions or new hardware in its entirety.

Legal status

Jailbreaking a device involves circumventing its technological protection measures (in order to allow root access and running alternative software), so its legal status is affected by laws regarding circumvention of digital locks, such as laws protecting digital rights management (DRM) mechanisms. Many countries do not have such laws, and some countries have laws including exceptions for jailbreaking.

International treaties have influenced the development of laws affecting jailbreaking. The 1996 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty requires nations party to the treaties to enact laws against DRM circumvention. The American implementation is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which includes a process for establishing exemptions for non-copyright-infringing purposes such as jailbreaking. The 2001 European Copyright Directive implemented the treaty in Europe, requiring member states of the European Union to implement legal protections for technological protection measures. The Copyright Directive includes exceptions to allow breaking those measures for non-copyright-infringing purposes, such as jailbreaking to run alternative software,[31] but member states vary on the implementation of the directive.

Australia

In 2010, Electronic Frontiers Australia said that it is unclear whether jailbreaking is legal in Australia, and that anti-circumvention laws may apply.[32] These laws were strengthened by the Copyright Amendment Act 2006.

Canada

In November 2012, Canada amended its Copyright Act with new provisions prohibiting tampering with digital locks, with exceptions including software interoperability.[33] Jailbreaking a device to run alternative software is a form of circumventing digital locks for the purpose of software interoperability.

There had been several efforts from 2008-2011 to amend the Copyright Act (Bill C-60, Bill C-61, and Bill C-32) to prohibit tampering with digital locks, along with initial proposals for C-11 that were more restrictive,[34] but those bills were set aside. In 2011, Michael Geist, a Canadian copyright scholar, cited iPhone jailbreaking as a non-copyright-related activity that overly-broad Copyright Act amendments could prohibit.[35]

India

India's copyright law permits circumventing DRM for non-copyright-infringing purposes.[36][37] Parliament introduced a bill including this DRM provision in 2010 and passed it in 2012 as Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2012.[38] India is not a signatory to the WIPO Copyright Treaty that requires laws against DRM circumvention, but being listed on the US Special 301 Report "Priority Watch List" applied pressure to develop stricter copyright laws in line with the WIPO treaty.[36][37]

Singapore

Jailbreaking might be legal in Singapore if done to provide interoperability and not circumvent copyright, but that has not been tested in court.[39]

United Kingdom

The law Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 makes circumventing DRM protection measures legal for the purpose of interoperability but not copyright infringement. Jailbreaking may be a form of circumvention covered by that law, but this has not been tested in court.[31][40] Competition laws may also be relevant.[41]

United States

“Apple’s goal has always been to ensure that our customers have a great experience with their iPhone and we know that jailbreaking can severely degrade the experience. As we’ve said before, the vast majority of customers do not jailbreak their iPhones as this can violate the warranty and can cause the iPhone to become unstable and not work reliably.”

— Apple spokesperson, full official statement, 2010[42]

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act says "no person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title", which may apply to jailbreaking;[43] there is an exemption from this law only for jailbreaking mobile phones (eg. not tablets) "at least through 2015".[44] Note that the exemption is for jailbreaking only, not unlocking (recent phones), and that Apple has announced that jailbreaking "can violate the warranty".[42]

In 2010, in response to a request by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the U.S. Copyright Office explicitly recognized an exemption to the DMCA to permit jailbreaking in order to allow iPhone owners to use their phones with applications that are not available from Apple's store, and to unlock their iPhones for use with unapproved carriers.[45][46] Apple had previously filed comments opposing this exemption and indicated that it had considered jailbreaking to be a violation of copyright (and by implication prosecutable under the DMCA). Apple's request to define copyright law to include jailbreaking as a violation was denied as part of the 2009 DMCA rulemaking. In their ruling, the Library of Congress affirmed on July 26, 2010 that jailbreaking is exempt from DMCA rules with respect to circumventing digital locks. DMCA exemptions must be reviewed and renewed every three years or else they expire.

On October 28, 2012, the US Copyright Office updated their exemption policies. The jailbreaking of smartphones continues to be legal "where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of [lawfully obtained software] applications with computer programs on the telephone handset." However, the U.S. Copyright office refused to extend this exemption to tablets, such as iPads, arguing that the term "tablets" is broad and ill-defined, and an exemption to this class of devices could have unintended side effects.[47][48][49] The Copyright Office also renewed the 2010 exemption for unofficially unlocking phones to use them on unapproved carriers, but restricted this exemption to phones purchased before January 26, 2013.[48]

Tim Wu, a professor at Columbia Law School, argued in 2007 that jailbreaking "Apple's superphone is legal, ethical, and just plain fun."[50] Wu cited an explicit exemption issued by the Library of Congress in 2006 for personal unlocking, which notes that locks "are used by wireless carriers to limit the ability of subscribers to switch to other carriers, a business decision that has nothing whatsoever to do with the interests protected by copyright" and thus do not implicate the DMCA.[51] Wu did not claim that this exemption applies to those who help others unlock a device or "traffic" in software to do so.[50] In 2010 and 2012, the U.S. Copyright Office approved exemptions to the DMCA that allow iPhone users to jailbreak their devices legally.[52] It is still possible Apple may employ technical countermeasures to prevent jailbreaking or prevent jailbroken phones from functioning, but it will not be able to sue users who jailbreak.[53] It is also unclear whether it is legal to traffic in the tools used to make jailbreaking easy.[53]

New Zealand

New Zealand's copyright law allows the use of technological protection measure (TPM) circumvention methods as long as the use is for legal, non-copyright-infringing purposes.[54][55] This law was added to the Copyright Act 1994 as part of the Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2008.

Types of jailbreaks

When a device is booting, it loads Apple's own kernel initially. The device must then be exploited and have the kernel patched each time it is turned on.

An "untethered" jailbreak has the property that if the user turns the device off and back on, the device will start up completely, and the kernel will be patched without the help of a computer – in other words, it will be jailbroken after each reboot.[56]

However, with a "tethered" jailbreak, a computer is needed to turn the device on each time it is rebooted. If the device starts back up on its own, it will no longer have a patched kernel, and it may get stuck in a partially started state. By using a computer, the phone is essentially "re-jailbroken" (using the "boot tethered" feature of a jailbreaking tool) each time it is turned on.[57] This is often a major problem for users on a tethered jailbreak. If the device is not connected to a computer, it is rendered useless until it is. Devices that use tethered jailbreaks can still respring and not lose the jailbreak.

A device with a tethered jailbreak may have a semi-tethered solution, which means that when the device boots, it will no longer have a patched kernel (so it will not be able to run modified code), but it will still be usable for normal functions.[58] To use any features that require running modified code, the user must start the device with the help of the jailbreaking tool in order for it to start with a patched kernel (jailbroken).

History of iOS jailbreaking tools

A few days after the original iPhone became available in July 2007, developers released the first jailbreaking tool for it,[59] and soon a jailbreak-only game app became available.[60] In October 2007, JailbreakMe 1.0 (also called "AppSnapp") allowed people to jailbreak iPhone OS 1.1.1 on both the iPhone and iPod touch,[61][62] and it included Installer.app as a way to get software for the jailbroken device. In February 2008, Zibri released ZiPhone, a tool for jailbreaking iPhone OS 1.1.3 and 1.1.4.[63]

The iPhone Dev Team (not affiliated with Apple) has released a series of free desktop-based jailbreaking tools. It released a version of PwnageTool in July 2008 to jailbreak the then new iPhone 3G on iOS 2.0 as well as the iPod touch,[64][65] newly including Cydia as the primary third-party installer for jailbroken software[66] (PwnageTool continues to be updated for untethered jailbreaks of newer iOS versions).[67][68] The iPhone Dev Team released QuickPWN to jailbreak iOS 2.2 on iPhone and iPod touch, also including options to enable functionality that was possible but disabled by Apple on certain devices.[69] After Apple released iOS 3.0, the Dev Team published redsn0w as a simple jailbreaking tool usable on Mac and Windows, and also updated PwnageTool (now primarily intended for expert users making custom firmware, and only for Mac).[70] It continues to maintain redsn0w for jailbreaking most versions of iOS 4 and iOS 5 on most devices.[71] Before redsn0w released their iOS 5 jailbreak, another team by the name of BlueFire created an iOS 5 jailbreak for Apple's A4 and A5 devices. As of December 2011, redsn0w includes the "Corona" untether by pod2g for iOS 5.0.1 for iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPad 1, and iPod touch 3rd and 4th generation.[68] As of June 2012, redsn0w also includes the "Rocky Racoon" untether by pod2g for iOS 5.1.1 on all iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch models that support iOS 5.1.1.[72]

George Hotz, who developed the first iPhone unlock, released a jailbreaking tool for the iPhone 3GS on iOS 3.0 called purplera1n,[73] and blackra1n for iOS version 3.1.2 on the 3rd generation iPod touch and other devices.[74] In October 2010, he released limera1n, a low-level boot ROM exploit that permanently works to jailbreak the iPhone 4 and is used as part of tools including redsn0w.[75]

Nicholas Allegra (better known as "comex") released a program called Spirit in May 2010. Spirit jailbreak for devices including iPad (which was just released) and then new iPhones running iOS 3.1.2, 3.1.3, and iPad running 3.2[76] In August 2010, comex released JailbreakMe 2.0, a web-based tool that was the first to jailbreak the iPhone 4 (on iOS 4.0.1).[77][78] In July 2011, he released JailbreakMe 3.0,[79] a web-based tool for jailbreaking all devices on certain versions of iOS 4.3, including the iPad 2 for the first time (on iOS 4.3.3).[80] JailbreakMe 3.0 uses a flaw in PDF file rendering in mobile Safari.[81][82]

Chronic Dev Team initially released greenpois0n in October 2010, a desktop-based tool for jailbreaking iOS 4.1[83] and later iOS 4.2.1[84] on most devices including the Apple TV,[85] as well as iOS 4.2.6 on CDMA (Verizon) iPhones.[86]

The iPhone Dev Team, Chronic Dev Team, and pod2g collaborated to release Absinthe in January 2012, a desktop-based tool to jailbreak the iPhone 4S for the first time and the iPad 2 for the second time, on iOS 5.0.1 for both devices and also iOS 5.0 for iPhone 4S.[56][57][87][88] In May 2012 it released Absinthe 2.0, which can jailbreak iOS 5.1.1 untethered on all iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch models that support iOS 5.1.1, including jailbreaking the third-generation iPad for the first time.[89] The hackers together called the evad3rs released an iOS 6.X jailbreak tool called evasi0n. The expected release was on Sunday, February 3, 2013, though it was actually released on Monday, February 4, 2013 at noon Eastern Standard Time. The site initially gave anticipating users download errors as there was a high volume of interest in the download for the jailbreak utility, which is available for Linux, OS X, and Windows. When Apple upgraded its software to iOS 6.1.3 it permanently patched out the evasi0n jailbreak. Apple has now upgraded its software to iOS 6.1.4.[90] which is only available for the iPhone 5. There are currently no tools for untethered jailbreaking iOS 6.1.3 and above, despite claims by several websites purporting to offer an untethered jailbreak. On April 2013, the latest versions of Sn0wbreeze was released, which added the support for tethered jailbreaking on A4 devices (i.e. devices not newer than the iPhone 4, iPad 1, or iPod touch 4).[91][92][93]

On December 22, 2013, the evad3rs released a new version of evasi0n that supports jailbreaking iOS 7.x, known as evasi0n7.

After the release of evasi0n7, winocm, ih8sn0w and SquiffyPwn released p0sixspwn on December 30, 2013 for untethering devices on iOS 6.1.3 - 6.1.5. Initially, you will need to already been teathered jailbroken using redsn0w and install p0sixpwn at Cydia. A few days later, on January 4, 2014, the same team released a version of p0sixpwn for jailbreaking using a computer.

First jailbreaks by device and iOS version

Device/OS Release date Date of first jailbreak Time (days) Tool Developer
iPhone/iOS 1.0 June 29, 2007 July 10, 2007[59] 11 (no name) iPhone Dev Team[94]
iPod touch September 5, 2007 October 10, 2007[95][96] 36 (no name) niacin and dre
iPhone 3G/iOS 2.0 July 11, 2008 July 20, 2008[65] 9 PwnageTool iPhone Dev Team
iPod touch (2nd generation) September 9, 2008 January 30, 2009[97][98] 143 redsn0w iPhone Dev Team and Chronic Dev Team
iOS 3.0 June 17, 2009 June 19, 2009[99] 2 PwnageTool iPhone Dev Team
iPhone 3GS June 19, 2009 July 3, 2009[100] 14 purplera1n George Hotz
iPad April 30, 2010 May 3, 2010[76] 3 Spirit comex
iOS 4.0 June 21, 2010 June 21–23, 2010[101][102] 2 PwnageTool iPhone Dev Team
iPhone 4 June 24, 2010 August 1, 2010[77] 38 JailbreakMe 2.0 comex
Apple TV (2nd generation) September 1, 2010 October 20, 2010[103] 49 PwnageTool iPhone Dev Team
iPad 2 March 11, 2011 July 5, 2011[80] 116 JailbreakMe 3.0 comex
iOS 5.0 October 12, 2011 October 13, 2011[71] 1 redsn0w iPhone Dev Team
iPhone 4S October 14, 2011 January 20, 2012[56][57] 98 Absinthe pod2g, Chronic Dev Team, iPhone Dev Team
Apple TV (3rd generation) March 7, 2012 - - - -
iPad (3rd generation) March 16, 2012 May 25, 2012[89] 70 Absinthe 2.0 pod2g, Chronic Dev Team, iPhone Dev Team
iOS 6.0 September 19, 2012 September 19, 2012 0 redsn0w iPhone Dev Team
iPhone 5 September 21, 2012 February 4, 2013 136 evasi0n evad3rs
iPod touch (5th generation) October 23, 2012 February 4, 2013 104 evasi0n evad3rs
iPad (4th generation) November 2, 2012 February 4, 2013 94 evasi0n evad3rs
iPad Mini November 2, 2012 February 4, 2013 94 evasi0n evad3rs
iOS 7 September 18, 2013 December 22, 2013 95 evasi0n7 evad3rs
iPhone 5C September 20, 2013 December 22, 2013 93 evasi0n7 evad3rs
iPhone 5S September 20, 2013 December 22, 2013 93 evasi0n7 evad3rs
iPad Air November 1, 2013 December 22, 2013 51 evasi0n7 evad3rs
iPad Mini (2nd generation) November 12, 2013 December 22, 2013 40 evasi0n7 evad3rs

Recent releases of jailbreaking tools

Software Name Release Date Hardware Firmware Untethered? Publisher
JailbreakMe 3.0[104] July 5, 2011[104]
[104]		 4.2.6–4.2.8
4.3–4.3.3[104][notes 1]		 Yes[104] comex[104]
Seas0npass[105] October 18, 2011[105] 2nd generation Apple TV[105] 4.3–4.4.4[105] Yes[105]
redsn0w 0.9.15 beta 3[106][107] November 1, 2012


[68][106][108]		 4.1–6.1.5 Untethered: 4.1–4.3.3, 4.2.6–4.2.8, 5.0.1, 5.1.1,[109] 5.0/5.1 (only for iPhone 3GS with old boot ROM)[107]

Tethered: 4.2.9–4.2.10, 4.3.4–4.3.5, 5.0, 5.1, 6.0, 6.0.1, 6.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.1.5 (not available for devices newer than the iPhone 4, iPad 1, or iPod touch 4)[110]

 iPhone Dev Team[68]
Absinthe 2.0.4[87] May 30, 2012
[88]		 5.1.1[88] Yes[56] pod2g, Chronic Dev Team, iPhone Dev Team[87]
evasi0n February 4, 2013
6.0-6.1.2[111] Yes pod2g, MuscleNerd, pimskeks, and planetbeing (evad3rs)
evasi0n7 December 22, 2013
7.0-7.0.5[111] Yes pod2g, MuscleNerd, pimskeks, and planetbeing (evaders)
p0sixspwn December 30, 2013
6.1.3-6.1.5 Yes winocm, iH8sn0w, and SquiffyPwn

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Verizon CDMA iPhone 4 ran on iOS 4.2.5 to 4.2.10, with incremental updates being bugfixes that were simultaneously applied from 4.3.1 to 4.3.5.

References

  1. ↑ iOS Hacker's Handbook. Miller, Charlie; Blazakis, Dion; DaiZovi, Dino; Esser, Stefan; Iozzo, Vincenzo; Weinmann, Ralf-Philip. John Wiley & Sons. 2012. pp. 309–310. ISBN 9781118228432. Retrieved January 18, 2013. 
  2. ↑ Höbarth, S.; Mayrhofer, R. "A framework for on-device privilege escalation exploit execution on Android". Proc. IWSSI/SPMU 2011: 3rd International Workshop on Security and Privacy in Spontaneous Interaction and Mobile Phone Use, colocated with Pervasive 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2013. 
  3. ↑ Robert McMillan (November 5, 2008). "A Jailbreak for Google's Android". PCWorld. Retrieved January 18, 2013. 
  4. ↑ David Kravets (April 11, 2011). "Sony Settles PlayStation Hacking Lawsuit". Threat Level. Wired. Retrieved January 18, 2013. 
  5. ↑ Mike Keller (February 13, 2012). "Geek 101: What Is Jailbreaking?". Geek Tech. PCWorld. Retrieved February 15, 2012. 
  6. ↑ Adrian Kingsley-Hughes (May 28, 2011). "'Should I Jailbreak My iPhone?' And Other Jailbreaking Questions Answered". Tech. Forbes. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  7. ↑ Sharon Vaknin (June 27, 2012). "How to unjailbreak your iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch". How To. CNet. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  8. ↑ Christopher Breen (December 29, 2008). "The Best IPhone Apps Not in the App Store". Macworld. PCWorld. Retrieved November 14, 2012. 
  9. ↑ Chris Foresman (December 13, 2010). "iPhone jailbreaker set to bring Cydia to Mac OS X". Infinite Loop. Ars Technica. Retrieved August 2, 2011. 
  10. ↑ Ryan Singel (April 15, 2010). "Apple App Store Bans Pulitzer-Winning Satirist for Satire". Wired. Retrieved February 12, 2011. 
  11. ↑ http://www.businessinsider.com/the-story-of-apples-confusing-inconsistent-rules-for-app-developers-2013-4
  12. ↑ http://www.imore.com/tag/rejected-apps
  13. ↑ FoxNews
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Adam Dachis (March 14, 2011). "How to Get the Most Out of Your Jailbroken iOS Device". Lifehacker. Retrieved August 2, 2011. 
  15. ↑ Jenna Wortham (May 12, 2009). "Unofficial Software Incurs Apple's Wrath". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2011. 
  16. ↑ Zdziarski, Jonathan (2008). iPhone Open Application Development: Write Native Applications Using the Open Source Tool Chain. pp. 3–4. 
  17. ↑ Landau, Ted (2009). Take control of your iPhone. p. 107. 
  18. ↑ Nathan T. Washburn (May 4, 2012). "Apple Discovers a New Market in China: Rich Boyfriends". HBR Blog Network. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved January 9, 2013. 
  19. ↑ Brian X. Chen (August 7, 2009). "6 Reasons to Jailbreak Your iPhone". Gadget Lab. Wired. Retrieved May 1, 2012. 
  20. ↑ Ryan Block (September 11, 2007). "iUnlock released: the first free, open source iPhone SIM unlock software". Engadget. Retrieved February 1, 2014. 
  21. ↑ Ian Paul (December 22, 2008). "3G iPhone Unlock Expected". Today @ PCWorld. PCWorld. Retrieved May 1, 2012. 
  22. ↑ Robertson, Jordan (July 8, 2011). "Security holes discovered in iPhones, iPads". News & Record. Associated Press. Retrieved July 9, 2011. 
  23. ↑ Brigid Andersen (November 9, 2009). "Australian admits creating first iPhone virus". ABC Online. Retrieved October 26, 2011. 
  24. ↑ "New iPhone worm can act like botnet say experts". BBC News. November 23, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2010. 
  25. ↑ Mikko (November 22, 2009). "Malicious iPhone Worm". News from the Lab. F-secure. Retrieved April 10, 2010. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Greenberg, Andy (February 14, 2012). "Unauthorized iPhone And iPad Apps Leak Private Data Less Often Than Approved Ones". Tech (Forbes). Retrieved February 15, 2012. 
  27. ↑ Ellis Hamburger (May 3, 2011). "The Truth About Jailbreaking Your iPhone: The 5 Biggest Drawbacks". SAI: Tools. Business Insider. Retrieved October 26, 2011. 
  28. ↑ Adam Dachis (May 5, 2011). "Four Reasons Not to Jailbreak Your iPhone, iPod touch, or iPad". Lifehacker. Retrieved October 26, 2011. 
  29. ↑ Brennon Slattery (August 3, 2010). "5 Reasons to Jailbreak Your iPhone – and 5 Reasons Not". Today @ PCWorld. PCWorld. Retrieved October 26, 2011. 
  30. ↑ Android Central article on sideloading
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Duncan Geere (July 28, 2010). "Investigation: Is it legal to jailbreak a UK iPhone?". Wired UK. Retrieved October 26, 2012. 
  32. ↑ Rosalyn Page (August 5, 2010). "Could jailbreaking your iPhone land you in jail?". PC & Tech Authority. Retrieved January 21, 2013. 
  33. ↑ Michael Geist (November 7, 2012). "Canadian Copyright Reform In Force: Expanded User Rights Now the Law". michaelgeist.ca. Retrieved November 13, 2012. 
  34. ↑ "Canada’s C-11 Bill and the Hazards of Digital Locks Provisions". Electronic Frontier Foundation. February 10, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. 
  35. ↑ The Canadian Press (October 13, 2011). "Phone 'jailbreaking' allows users to hack their phone". CTV News. Retrieved October 17, 2012. 
  36. ↑ Pranesh Prakash (May 23, 2012). "Analysis of the Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2012". Centre for Internet and Society. Retrieved November 10, 2012. 
  37. ↑ Kenny Chee (August 12, 2010). "iPhone jailbreak may be legal here, but... But there will be certain legal provisions.". DigitalOne. AsiaOne. Retrieved November 10, 2012. 
  38. ↑ Jim Martin (March 14, 2012). "How to jailbreak your iPhone: Unleash the full potential of your iPhone". PC Advisor. Retrieved January 21, 2013. 
  39. ↑ Warwick Ashford (July 30, 2010). "iPhone jailbreaking is 'okay under EU law'". Computer Weekly. Electronics Weekly. Retrieved January 21, 2013. 
  40. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Leander Kahney (July 26, 2010). "Apple’s Official Response To DMCA Jailbreak Exemption: It Voids Your Warranty". Cult Of Mac. Retrieved October 26, 2011. 
  41. ↑ Copyright Office, Library of Congress (October 2012). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. Retrieved February 3, 2014. 
  42. ↑ Stoltz, Mitch (January 28, 2013). "Is It Illegal To Unlock a Phone? The Situation is Better - and Worse - Than You Think". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved February 3, 2014. 
  43. ↑ "Copyright office provides exemption to DMCA". United States Copyright Office. February 12, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009. 
  44. ↑ Declan McCullagh (July 26, 2010). "Feds say mobile-phone jailbreaking is OK". Politics and Law. CNET. Retrieved October 26, 2011. 
  45. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Timothy B. Lee (October 25, 2012). "Jailbreaking now legal under DMCA for smartphones, but not tablets". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 26, 2012. 
  46. ↑ "New DMCA Exemptions Allow Rooting Phones (But Not Tablets), Unapproved Phone Unlocks Will Be A Thing Of The Past". Android Police. Retrieved October 31, 2012. 
  47. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Tim Wu (October 4, 2007). "The iPhone Freedom Fighters". Technology. Slate. Retrieved October 26, 2011. 
  48. ↑ "Federal Register: Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for" (PDF). Retrieved September 11, 2010. 
  49. ↑ David Goldman (July 26, 2010). "Jailbreaking iPhone apps is now legal". CNN Money. Retrieved September 11, 2010. 
  50. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Transcript of "Jailbreak?" (July 30, 2010)". On The Media. July 30, 2010. Retrieved September 11, 2010. 
  51. ↑ Michael Geist (April 10, 2008). "New Zealand's Digital Copyright Law Demonstrates Anti-Circumvention Flexibility". Michael Geist. Retrieved October 26, 2012. 
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