IEC 61400

IEC 61400 is a class of IEC international standards regarding wind turbines.

Purpose and function

The 61400 is a set of design requirements made to ensure that wind turbines are appropriately engineered against damage from hazards within the planned lifetime. The standard concerns most aspects of the turbine life from site conditions before construction, to turbine components being tested,^[1] assembled and operated.^[2]

Wind turbines are capital intensive, and are usually purchased before they are being erected and commissioned.

Some of these standards provide technical conditions verifiable by an independent, third party, and as such are necessary in order to make business agreements so wind turbines can be financed and erected.^[1][3]

IEC started standardizing international certification on the subject in 1995, and the first standard appeared in 2001.^[1]

The common set of standards sometimes replace the various national standards, forming a basis for global certification.^[1]

Small wind turbines are defined as being of up to 200m² swept area and a somewhat simplified IEC 61400-2 standard addresses these. It is also possible to use the IEC 61400-1 standard for turbines of less than 200m² swept area.

Harmonization

IEC, API, ISO etc. standards used to certify US offshore wind turbines

In the U.S., standards are intended to be compatible with IEC standards,^[4] and some parts of 61400 are required documentation.^[5][6]

The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory participates in IEC standards development work,^[4][7] and tests equipment according to these standards.^[8] For U.S. offshore turbines however, more standards are needed, and the most important are :

• ISO 19900, General requirements for offshore structures
• ISO 19902, Fixed steel offshore structures
• ISO 19903, Fixed concrete offshore structures
• ISO 19904-1, Floating offshore structures – mono-hulls, semisubmersibles and spars
• ISO 19904-2, Floating offshore structures - tension-leg platforms
• API RP 2A-WSD, Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore steel platforms - working stress design.^[9]

In Canada, the previous national standards were outdated and impeded the wind industry, and they were updated and harmonized with 61400 by the Canadian Standards Association with several modifications.^[10][11]

For small wind turbines the global industry has been working towards harmonisation of certification requirements with a "test once, certify everywhere" objective. Considerable co-operation has been taking place between UK, USA, and more recently Japan, Denmark and other countries so that the IEC 61400-2 standard as interpreted within e.g. the MCS certification scheme (of UK origin) is interoperable with the USA (for example where it corresponds to an AWEA small wind turbine standard) and other countries.

Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Classes ( IEC 61400-1 ed.2)

Wind turbines are designed for specific conditions. During the construction and design phase assumptions are made about the wind climate that the wind turbines will be exposed to. Turbine wind class is just one of the factors which need to consider during the complex process of planning a wind power plant. Wind classes determine which turbine is suitable for the normal wind conditions of a particular site. Turbine classes are determined by three parameters - the average wind speed, extreme 50-year gust, and turbulence.^[12]

Turbulence intensity quantifies how much the wind varies typically within 10 minutes. Because the fatigue loads of a number of major components in a wind turbine are mainly caused by turbulence, the knowledge of how turbulent a site is of crucial importance. Normally the wind speed increases with increasing height. In flat terrain the wind speed increases logarithmically with height. In complex terrain the wind profile is not a simple increase and additionally a separation of the flow might occur, leading to heavily increased turbulence.^[13]

The extreme wind speeds are based on the 3 second average wind speed. Turbulence is measured at 15 m/s wind speed. This is the definition in IEC 61400-1 edition 2.

For U.S. waters however, several hurricanes have already exceeded wind class Ia with speeds above 156 mph, and efforts are being made to provide suitable standards.^[9]

List of subclasses

• IEC 61400-1 Design requirements^[14][3]
• IEC 61400-2 Small wind turbines
• IEC 61400-3 Design requirements for offshore wind turbines^[15][16][17]
  • IEC 61400-3-2 Design requirements for floating offshore wind turbines^[18][19]
• IEC 61400-4 Design requirements for wind turbine gearboxes
• IEC 61400-5 Wind turbine rotor blades
• IEC 61400-11 Acoustic noise measurement techniques^[20][21]
• IEC 61400-12 Wind turbine power performance testing
• IEC 61400-13 Measurement of mechanical loads
• IEC 61400-14 Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values
• IEC 61400-21 Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of grid connected wind turbines
• IEC 61400-22 Conformity testing and certification^[1]
• IEC 61400-23 Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades
• IEC 61400-24 Lightning protection
• IEC 61400-25 Communication protocol^[22]
• IEC 61400 26 Time based availability for wind turbines
• IEC 61400-27 Electrical simulation models for wind power generation (Committee Draft)

List compiled from a number of sources.^[2][23][24]

References