Tuber cinereum hamartoma
Tuber cinereum hamartoma (also known as hypothalamic hamartoma) is a non cancerous tumor in which a disorganized collection of neurons and glia accumulate at the tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus on the floor of the third ventricle. It is a congenital malformation, included on the spectrum of gray matter heterotopias. Formation occurs during embryogenesis, typically between days 33 and 41 of gestation. Size of the tumor varies from one to three centimeters in diameter, with the mean being closer to the low end of this range. It is estimated to occur at a frequency of one in one million individuals.[1]
Signs and symptoms
The classic presentation is gelastic or laughing epilepsy, a disorder characterized by spells of involuntary laughter with interval irritability and depressed mood. The tumor can be associated with other seizure types as well as precocious puberty and behavioral disorders. Gelastic epilepsy has been more classically associated with sessile lesions and precocious puberty reported with pedunculated morphology. More recent epidemiologic studies have found these associations to be less consistent, with gelastic epilepsy predominant in the majority of patients regardless of morphology.
Hypothalamic hamartomas are found in 33% of patients with true precocious puberty.[2] The etiology of this relationship is unclear, but it is suspected in some cases to be due to a nonphysiological secretion of GnRH.[3][4] A case of hamartoma has also been reported to secrete CRH, causing excessive ACTH production.[5]
Seizures often begin when patients are young, although studies have shown adult onset as well. Many causes of the epilepsy have been theorized, with EEG often finding the hamartoma itself as the source of electrical activity, or epileptogenic focus. With chronic seizures, cognitive decline can develop, which can manifest as poor school performance, decreased nervous stimulus IQ, or limited socialization.[6]
Anatomic and imaging findings
Pallister-Hall syndrome
Tuber cinereum hamartoma may be associated with Pallister-Hall syndrome, a diagnosis characterized by multiple malformations, including polydactyly and imperforate anus. Neurologic symptoms are less severe in Pallister-Hall than in isolated cases of hamartoma.[1]
Treatment
Hormonal suppressive therapy with luteinizing hormone receptor agonists like leuprolide can be used to treat the seizure component, and are effective in most patients.[7]
Surgery is offered if there is failure of medical therapy or rapid growth of lesion, with specific options including stereotactic thermocoagulation, gamma knife radiosurgery, and physical resection by transsphenoidal microsurgery. Surgical response is typically better when the seizure focus has been found by EEG to originate in or near the mass. The specific location of the lesion relative to the pituitary and infundibulum and the amount of hormonal disturbance at presentation can help predict risk of hypopituitarism following surgery.[8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Arita K, Ikawa F, Kurisu K, et al. (August 1999). "The relationship between magnetic resonance imaging findings and clinical manifestations of hypothalamic hamartoma". J. Neurosurg. 91 (2): 212–20. doi:10.3171/jns.1999.91.2.0212. PMID 10433309.
- ↑ Cacciari, E.; et al (Mar 1983). "How many cases of true precocious puberty in girls are idiopathic?". J Pediatr. 1983 Mar;102(3):357-60. 102 (3): 357–60. PMID 6827406.
- ↑ Vinicius N de Brito et al (Mar 1999). "Treatment of gonadotropin dependent precocious puberty due to hypothalamic hamartoma with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist depot". Arch Dis Child 1999;80:231–234 80 (3): 231–4. PMC 1717869. PMID 10325702.
- ↑ Ricardo V. Lloyd (14 January 2010). Endocrine Pathology: Differential Diagnosis and Molecular Advances. Springer. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-4419-1068-4.
- ↑ Voyadzis JM, Guttman-Bauman I, Santi M, Cogen P. (2004). "Hypothalamic hamartoma secreting corticotropin-releasing hormone. Case report.". J Neurosurg 100 (2 Suppl Pediatrics): 212–6. doi:10.3171/ped.2004.100.2.0212. PMID 14758953.
- ↑ Sturm JW, Andermann F, Berkovic SF (February 2000). ""Pressure to laugh": an unusual epileptic symptom associated with small hypothalamic hamartomas". Neurology 54 (4): 971–3. PMID 10690995.
- ↑ Mahachoklertwattana P, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM (July 1993). "The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-secreting hypothalamic hamartoma is a congenital malformation: natural history". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77 (1): 118–24. doi:10.1210/jc.77.1.118. PMID 8325933.
- ↑ Pascual-Castroviejo I, Moneo JH, Viaño J, García-Segura JM, Herguido MJ, Pascual Pascual SI (2000). "[Hypothalamic hamartomas: control of seizures after partial removal in one case]". Rev Neurol (in Spanish; Castilian) 31 (2): 119–22. PMID 10951665.
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