Hypervariable region

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A hypervariable region (HVR) is a location within nuclear DNA or the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA in which base pairs of nucleotides repeat (in the case of nuclear DNA) or have substitutions (in the case of mitochondrial DNA). Changes or repeats in the hypervariable region are highly polymorphic.

Nuclear

Mitochondrial

There are two mitochondrial hypervariable regions used in human mitochondrial genealogical DNA testing. HVR1 is considered a "low resolution" region and HVR2 is considered a "high resolution" region. Getting HVR1 and HVR2 DNA tests can help determine one's haplogroup. HVR1 locations are numbered 16001-16568. HVR2 locations are numbered 001-574.

In some bony fishes, for example certain Protacanthopterygii and Gadidae, the mitochondrial control region evolves remarkably slowly. Even functional mitochondrial genes accumulate mutations faster and more freely. It is not known whether such hypovariable control regions are more widespread. In the Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), an East Asian protacanthopterygian, control region mutation rate is not markedly lowered, but sequence differences between subspecies are far lower in the control region than elsewhere. This phenomenon completely defies explanation at present.[1]

Antibodies

Main articles: V(D)J recombination and Somatic hypermutation

In antibodies, hypervariable regions form the antigen-binding site and are found on both light and heavy chains.[2] They also contribute to the specificity of each antibody.[2] In a variable region, the 3 HV segments of each heavy or light chain fold together at the N-terminus to form an antigen binding pocket.

See also: Complementarity determining region and Framework region

See also

References

  1. ↑ Takeshima, Hirohiko; Iguchi, Kei-ichiro & Nishida, Mutsumi (2005): Unexpected Ceiling of Genetic Differentiation in the Control Region of the Mitochondrial DNA between Different Subspecies of the Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Zool. Sci. 22(4): 401–410. doi:10.2108/zsj.22.401 (HTML abstract)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Michael Stein; Paul Zei; Gloria Hwang; Radhika Breaden (2000). Cracking The Boards: USMLE Step 1. The Princeton Review. Retrieved 5 September 2011. "Antibodies are remarkably specific, thanks to hypervariable regions in both light and heavy chains. The hyperbariable regions for the antigen-binding site." 

External links

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