Hurling
![]() 82,000 people at the 2009 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final between Kilkenny and Tipperary at Croke Park in Dublin | |
Highest governing body | Gaelic Athletic Association |
---|---|
Nickname(s) | Iománaíocht, iomáint, iomáin |
First played | Ireland |
Characteristics | |
Contact | Contact |
Team members |
15 players per side substitutes are permitted |
Mixed gender | Camogie is the female variant |
Equipment |
Sliotar (ball) Hurley/camán (stick) Helmet |
Presence | |
Olympic | Former |
Hurling (Irish: Iománaíocht/Iomáint) is an outdoor team game of ancient Gaelic and Irish origin, administered by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). The game has prehistoric origins, has been played for over 3,000 years,[1] and is thought to be the world's fastest field team game in game play.[1][2][3] One of Ireland's native Gaelic games, it shares a number of features with Gaelic football, such as the field and goals, number of players, and much terminology. There is a similar game for women called camogie (camógaíocht). It shares a common Gaelic root with the sport of shinty (camanachd) which is played predominantly in Scotland.
The object of the game is for players to use a wooden stick called a hurley (in Irish a camán, pronounced /ˈkæmən/ or /kəˈmɔːn/) to hit a small ball called a sliotar /ˈʃlɪtər/ between the opponents' goalposts either over the crossbar for one point, or under the crossbar into a net guarded by a goalkeeper for one goal, which is equivalent to three points. The sliotar can be caught in the hand and carried for not more than four steps, struck in the air, or struck on the ground with the hurley. It can be kicked or slapped with an open hand (the hand pass) for short-range passing. A player who wants to carry the ball for more than four steps has to bounce or balance the sliotar on the end of the stick and the ball can only be handled twice while in his possession.
Baiting is allowed although body-checking or shoulder-charging is illegal. No protective padding is worn by players. A plastic protective helmet with faceguard is mandatory for all age groups, including senior level, as of 2010. The game has been described as "a bastion of humility", with player names absent from jerseys and a player's number decided by his position on the field.[1]
Hurling is played throughout the world, and is popular among members of the Irish diaspora in North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina. There is no professional league, so the players today are unpaid amateurs. In many parts of Ireland, it is a fixture of life.[1] It has featured regularly in art forms such as film and literature. The final of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was listed in second place by CNN in its "10 sporting events you have to see live", after the Olympic Games and ahead of both the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Football Championship.[4] After covering the 1959 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final between Kilkenny and Waterford for BBC Television, English commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme was moved to describe hurling as his second favourite sport in the world after his first love, soccer.[5] In 2007, Forbes magazine described the media attention and population multiplication of Thurles town ahead of one of the game's annual provincial hurling finals as being "the rough equivalent of 30 million Americans watching a regional lacrosse game".[1] U.S. soldiers have also identified with the game's warrior ethos.[6][7]
Statistics
- A team comprises 15 players, or "hurlers".
- The hurley is generally 79–100 cm (31–40 inches) in length.
- The ball, known as a sliotar, has a cork centre and a leather cover; it is between 69 and 72 mm in diameter, and weighs between 110 and 120 g.
- The goalkeeper's hurley usually has a bas (the flattened, curved end) twice the size of other players' hurleys to provide some advantage against the fast moving sliotar.
- A good strike with a hurley can propel the ball over 150 km/h (93 mph) in speed and 110 metres (361 ft) in distance.[citation needed]
- A ball hit over the bar is worth one point. A ball that is hit under the bar is called a goal and is worth three points.
- As of 2010, all players must wear a helmet, and may wear other protection such as shinguards and/or a special kind of glove called an ashguard.
Rules
Playing field
![](/2014-wikipedia_en_all_02_2014/I/media/G/a/e/l/Gaelic_football_pitch_diagram.svg.png)
A Hurling pitch is similar in some respects to a rugby pitch but larger. The grass pitch is rectangular, stretching 130–145 metres (140–160 yards) long and 80–90 m (90–100 yd) wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end, formed by two posts, which are usually 6–7 metres (20–23 feet) high, set 6.5 m (21 ft) apart, and connected 2.5 m (8.2 ft) above the ground by a crossbar. A net extending behind the goal is attached to the crossbar and lower goal posts. The same pitch is used for Gaelic football; the GAA, which organizes both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 14 yards, 21 yards and 65 yards (45 yards for Gaelic Football) from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by youth teams.[8]
Teams
Teams consist of fifteen players and they line out as below. The panel is made up of 24–30 players and five substitutions are allowed per game. No exceptions are ever made.
Ball
The ball consists of a cork core covered by two pieces of leather stitched together. Called a sliotar, it is a subject to strict regulations as regards its size, mass and composition.[9]
Helmets
![](/2014-wikipedia_en_all_02_2014/I/media/H/u/r/l/Hurling_helmet_000_0200.jpg)
From 1 January 2010, the wearing of helmets with faceguards became compulsory for hurlers at all levels. This saw senior players follow the regulations already introduced in 2009 at minor and under 21 grades. The GAA hopes to significantly reduce the number of injuries by introducing the compulsory wearing of helmets with full faceguards, both in training and matches. Hurlers of all ages, including those at nursery clubs when holding a hurley in their hand, must wear a helmet and faceguard at all times. Match officials will be obliged to stop play if any player at any level appears on the field of play without the necessary standard of equipment.[10]
Timekeeping
![](/2014-wikipedia_en_all_02_2014/I/media/G/a/e/l/Gaelic_Pitch.png)
Senior inter-county matches last 70 minutes (35 minutes per half). All other matches last 60 minutes (30 minutes per half). For age groups of under-13 or lower, games may be shortened to 50 minutes. Timekeeping is at the discretion of the referee who adds on stoppage time at the end of each half.
If a knockout game finishes in a draw, a replay is played. If a replay finishes in a draw, 20 minutes extra time is played (10 minutes per half). If the game is still tied, another replay is played.
In club competitions, replays are increasingly not used due to the fixture backlogs caused. Instead, extra time is played after a draw, and if the game is still level after that it will go to a replay.
Technical fouls
The following are considered technical fouls ("fouling the ball"):
- Picking the ball directly off the ground (instead it must be flicked up with the hurley)
- Throwing the ball (instead it must be "hand-passed": slapped with the open hand)
- Going more than four steps with the ball in the hand (it may be carried indefinitely on the hurley though)
- Catching the ball three times in a row without it touching the ground (touching the hurley does not count)
- Putting the ball from one hand to the other
- Hand-passing a goal
- Throwing the hurley
Scoring
![](/2014-wikipedia_en_all_02_2014/I/media/H/u/r/l/Hurling_sport_-_Taking_a_swing.jpg)
Scoring is achieved by sending the sliotar (ball) between the opposition's goal posts. The posts, which are at each end of the field, are "H" posts as in rugby football but with a net under the crossbar as in soccer. The posts are 6.4 m apart and the crossbar is 2.44 m above the ground.
If the ball goes over the crossbar, a point is scored and a white flag is raised by an umpire. If the ball goes below the crossbar, a goal, worth three points, is scored, and a green flag is raised by an umpire. The goal is guarded by a goalkeeper. Scores are recorded in the format {goal total} – {point total}. For example, the 1997 All-Ireland final finished: Clare 0–20 Tipperary 2–13. Thus Clare won by "twenty points to two thirteen" (20 to 19). 2–0 would be referred to as "two goals", never "two zero". 0–0 is said "no score".
Tackling
Players may be tackled but not struck by a one handed slash of the stick; exceptions are two handed jabs and strikes. Jersey-pulling, wrestling, pushing and tripping are all forbidden. There are several forms of acceptable tackling, the most popular being:
- the "block", where one player attempts to smother an opposing player's strike by trapping the ball between his hurley and the opponent's swinging hurl;
- the "hook", where a player approaches another player from a rear angle and attempts to catch the opponent's hurley with his own at the top of the swing; and
- the "side pull", where two players running together for the sliotar will collide at the shoulders and swing together to win the tackle and "pull" (name given to swing the hurley) with extreme force.
Restarting play
- The match begins with the referee throwing the sliotar in between the four midfielders on the halfway line.
- After an attacker has scored or put the ball wide of the goals, the goalkeeper may take a "puckout" from the hand at the edge of the small square. All players must be beyond the 20 m line.
- After a defender has put the ball wide of the goals, an attacker may take a "65" from the 65 m line level with where the ball went wide. It must be taken by lifting and striking. However, the ball must not be taken into the hand but struck whilst the ball is lifted.
- After a player has put the ball over the sideline, the other team may take a 'sideline cut' at the point where the ball left the pitch. It must be taken from the ground.
- After a player has committed a foul, the other team may take a 'free' at the point where the foul was committed. It must be taken by lifting and striking in the same style as the "65".
- After a defender has committed a foul inside the Square (large rectangle), the other team may take a "penalty" from the ground from the centre of the 20 m line. Only the goalkeeper and two defenders may guard the goals. It must be taken by lifting and striking.
- If many players are struggling for the ball and no side is able to capitalize or gain control of the sliotar the referee may choose to throw the ball in between two opposing players.
This is also known as a "Clash".
Officials
A hurling match is watched over by eight officials:
- The referee
- Two linesmen
- Sideline official/standby linesman (inter-county games only)
- Four umpires (two at each end)
The referee is responsible for starting and stopping play, recording the score, awarding frees and issuing penalty cards to players after offences.
Linesmen are responsible for indicating the direction of line balls to the referee and also for conferring with the referee. The fourth official is responsible for overseeing substitutions, and also indicating the amount of stoppage time (signalled to him by the referee) and the players substituted using an electronic board. The umpires are responsible for judging the scoring. They indicate to the referee whether a shot was: wide (spread both arms), a 65 m puck (raise one arm), a point (wave white flag), or a goal (wave green flag).
Contrary to popular belief within the association, all officials are not obliged to indicate "any misdemeanours" to the referee, but are in fact only permitted to inform the referee of violent conduct they have witnessed which has occurred without the referee's knowledge. A linesman/umpire is not permitted to inform the referee of technical fouls such as a "Third time in the hand", where a player catches the ball for a third time in succession after soloing or an illegal pick up of the ball. Such decisions can only be made at the discretion of the referee.
History
![](/2014-wikipedia_en_all_02_2014/I/media/H/u/r/l/Hurling_Scoring.png)
![](/2014-wikipedia_en_all_02_2014/I/media/E/n/d/a/Enda_Kenny_presents_Barack_Obama_with_a_hurley.jpg)
![](/2014-wikipedia_en_all_02_2014/I/media/H/u/r/l/Hurling_game_Philadelphia_USA_2007.jpg)
Hurling is older than the recorded history of Ireland. It is thought to predate Christianity, having come to Ireland with the Celts.[11] It has been a distinct Irish pastime for at least 2000 years.[12] The earliest written references to the sport in Brehon law date from the fifth century.[11] In the book by Seamus King "A History of Hurling" there is a reference from Irish verbal history of hurling as far back as the 1200 B.C being played in Tara co Meath. Hurling is related to the games of shinty that is played primarily in Scotland, cammag on the Isle of Man and bandy that was played formerly in England and Wales. The tale of the Táin Bó Cuailgne (drawing on earlier legends) describes the hero Cúchulainn playing hurling at Emain Macha. Similar tales are told about Fionn Mac Cumhail and the Fianna, his legendary warrior band. Recorded references to hurling appear in many places such as the fourteenth century Statutes of Kilkenny and a fifteenth-century grave slab survives in Inishowen, County Donegal.[13]
Hurling was said to be played in ancient times by teams representing neighbouring villages. Villages would play games involving hundreds of players, which would last several hours or even days.[14]
The eighteenth century is frequently referred to as "The Golden Age of Hurling". This was when members of the Anglo-Irish landed gentry kept teams of players on their estates and challenged each other's teams to matches for the amusement of their tenants.
One of the first modern attempts to standardise the game with a formal, written set of rules came with the foundation of the Irish Hurling Union at Trinity College Dublin in 1879. It aimed "to draw up a code of rules for all clubs in the union and to foster that manly and noble game of hurling in this, its native country".[15]
The founding of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884 turned around a trend of terminal decline by organising the game around a common set of written rules. In 1891 the first All-Ireland hurling final was played with Kerry winning the championship. However, the twentieth century saw Cork, Kilkenny[16] and Tipperary dominate hurling with each of these counties winning more than 20 All-Ireland titles each. Wexford, Waterford, Clare, Limerick, Offaly, Dublin, and Galway were also strong hurling counties during the twentieth century.
As hurling entered the new millennium, it has remained Ireland's second most popular sport. An extended qualifier system resulted in a longer All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, but Cork, Tipperary and Kilkenny have come to dominate the championship and some argue that the All-Ireland has become less competitive. Pay-for-play remains controversial and the Gaelic Players Association continues to grow in strength. The inauguration of the Christy Ring Cup and Nicky Rackard Cup gave new championships and an opportunity to play in Croke Park to the weaker county teams. Further dissemination of the championship structure was completed in 2009 with the addition of the Lory Meagher Cup to make it a four tier championship.
Hurling at the Olympic Games
In 1904, hurling was an unofficial sport on the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States. In the final, Fenian F.C. (Chicago) USA beat Innisfails (St. Louis). This was the only time hurling was in the Olympics.[17]
International
Although many hurling clubs exist worldwide, only Ireland has a national team (although it includes only players from weaker counties in order to ensure matches are competitive). It and the Scotland shinty team have played for many years with modified match rules (as with International Rules Football). The match is the only such international competition. However, competition at club level has been going on around the world since the late nineteenth century thanks to emigration from Ireland, and the strength of the game has ebbed and flowed along with emigration trends. Nowadays, growth in hurling is noted in Continental Europe, Australia, and North America.
Argentina
Irish immigrants began arriving in Argentina in the nineteenth century.[18]
The earliest reference to hurling in Argentina dates from the late 1880s in Mercedes, Buenos Aires. However, the game was not actively promoted until 1900, when it came to the attention of author and newspaperman William Bulfin. Under Bulfin's patronage, the Argentine Hurling Club was formed on 15 July 1900, leading to teams being established in different neighborhoods of Buenos Aires and the surrounding farming communities.
Games of hurling were played every weekend until 1914 and received frequent coverage even from Argentina's Spanish language newspapers, such as La Nación. After the outbreak of World War I, however, it became almost impossible to obtain hurleys from Ireland. An attempt was made to use native Argentine mountain ash, but it proved too heavy and lacking in pliability. Although the game was revived after the end of the war, the golden age of Argentine hurling had passed. World War II finally brought the era to its close.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, immigration from Ireland slowed to a trickle. In addition, native born Irish-Argentines assimilated into the local community. The last time that hurling was played in Argentina was in 1980, when the Aer Lingus Hurling Club conducted a three-week tour of the country and played matches at several locations.[19] Since 2009, with the realization of several Summers Camps and the visit of the All Stars in December, hurling returned to be a frequent activity at the Hurling Club, where many boys and young men have since been trained and taught to play. Even the Hurling Club are invited to participate Hurling Festival is organized within The Gathering events organized by Aer Lingus. This team will be present in September 2013 in the city of Galway. The team consists of 21 players from Hockey and Rugby teams. Many have contributed to the return hurling as a activity in the Club. As an example we can name Alejandro Yoyo Wade, Johnny Wade, Barbie, Cecilia and Irene Scally, David Ganly, Dickie Mac Allister, Eduardo Cabrera Punter, Hernan Magrini Scally. Several Irish have participated in many opportunities to work with the skills and education: Jonathan Lynch, Kevin O'Connors and Michael Connery, who currently works with the team's training to participate in the Aer Lingus International Hurling Festival.[20]
Australia and New Zealand
The earliest reference to hurling in Australia is related in the book "Sketches of Garryowen." On 12 July 1844, a match took place at Batman's Hill in Melbourne as a counterpoint to a march by the Orange Order. Reportedly, the hurling match attracted a crowd of five hundred Irish immigrants, while the Orange march shivered out of existence.[21]
Several hurling clubs existed in Victoria in the 1870s including Melbourne, Collingwood, Upper Yarra, Richmond and Geelong.
In 1885, a game between two Sydney based teams took place before a crowd of over ten thousand spectators. Reportedly, the contest was greatly enjoyed despite the fact that one newspaper dubbed the game "Two Degrees Safer Than War."[22]
Arden Street Oval in North Melbourne was used by Irish immigrants during the 1920s. The game in Australasia is administered by Australasia GAA.
Britain
Hurling was brought to Britain by Irish immigrants in the nineteenth century. The game is administered by British GAA. Warwickshire compete against Irish teams in the Lory Meagher Cup. London are the only non-Irish team to have won the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (having captured the title in 1901), and after winning the 2012 Christy Ring Cup gained the right to contest the Liam McCarthy Cup in 2013.
The first ever hurling game played in the Scottish Highlands was played at Easter 2012 between CLG Micheal Breathnach and Fir Uladh, an Ulster select of Gaeiligoiri, as part of the Iomain Cholmcille festival, na Breathnaich coming out victorious.
South Africa
Soldiers who served in the Irish Brigade during the Anglo-Boer War are believed to have played the game on the veldt. Immigrants from County Wicklow who had arrived to work in the explosives factory in Umbogintwini, KwaZulu-Natal formed a team c. 1915–1916. A major burst of immigration in the 1920s led to the foundation of the Transvaal Hurling Association in Johannesburg in 1928. Games were traditionally played in a pitch on the site of the modern day Johannesburg Central Railway Station every Easter Sunday after Mass.
In 1932, a South African hurling team sailed to Ireland to compete in the Tailteann Games, where they carried a banner donated by a convent of Irish nuns in Cape Town. On their arrival, they were personally received by the Taoiseach (Prime Minister) at the time, Éamon de Valera.
South African hurling continued to prosper until the outbreak of World War II, which caused immigration from Ireland to cease and made it impossible to import equipment. Games of hurling and Gaelic football were occasionally sponsored by the Christian Brothers schools in Boksburg and Pretoria well into the 1950s. Both games have all but ceased to be played.[23]
North America
References to hurling on the North American continent date from the 1780s in modern-day Canada concerning immigrants from County Waterford and County Kilkenny,[24] and also, in New York City. After the end of the American Revolution, references to hurling cease in American newspapers until the aftermath of the Potato Famine when Irish people moved to America in huge numbers, bringing the game with them.[25]
Newspaper reports from the 1850s refer to occasional matches played in San Francisco, Hoboken, and New York City. The first game of hurling played under GAA rules outside of Ireland was played on Boston Common in June 1886.
In 1888, there was an American tour by fifty Gaelic athletes from Ireland, known as the 'American Invasion'. This created enough interest among Irish Americans to lay the groundwork for the North American GAA. By the end of 1889, almost a dozen GAA clubs existed in America, many of them in and around New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago. Later, clubs were formed in Boston, Cleveland, and many other centers of Irish America. Concord, New Hampshire has its state's only hurling team, sponsored by The Barley House Pub.
In 1910, twenty-two hurlers, composed of an equal number from Chicago and New York, conducted a tour of Ireland, where they played against the County teams from Kilkenny, Tipperary, Limerick, Dublin, and Wexford.
Traditionally, hurling was a game played by Irish immigrants and discarded by their children. Many American hurling teams took to raising money to import players directly from Ireland. In recent years, this has changed considerably with the advent of the Internet. Outside of the traditional North American GAA cities of New York, Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco, clubs are springing up in other places where they consist of predominantly American-born players who bring a new dimension to the game and actively seek to promote it as a mainstream sport, especially Joe Maher, a leading expert at the sport in Boston.[26] Currently, the Milwaukee Hurling Club, with 300 members, is the largest Hurling club in the world outside of Ireland, which is made of all Americans and very few Irish immigrants. The St. Louis Gaelic Athletic Club was established in 2002 and has expanded its organization to an eight team hurling league in the spring and six team Gaelic football league in the fall. They also have a 30 member camogie league. Saint Louis has won two National Championships in Jr C Hurling (2004, and 2011), as well as two National Championships in Jr D Gaelic Football (2005, and 2013). The Indianapolis Hurling Club began in 2002, then reformed in 2005. In 2008, the Indy Hurling Club won the Junior C National Championship. In 2011, Indy had 7 club teams and sent a Junior B, Junior C and Camogie team to nationals. Hurling continues to grow in popularity with teams now in Charleston, SC, Orlando, FL, Augusta, GA, Greenville, SC, Indianapolis, IN, Worcester, MA, Corvallis, OR, Concord, NH, Portland, Maine, Madison, WI, Hampton Roads, VA and Hartford, Connecticut.
The GAA have also begun to invest in American college students with university teams springing up at University of Connecticut, Stanford, California, Purdue, Indiana University, University of Montana and other schools. On 31 January 2009, the first ever US collegiate hurling match was held between California and Stanford, organized by the newly formed California Collegiate Gaelic Athletic Association. California won the match by 1-point, as well as the most recent best-of-three College Cup, 2 matches to 1. On Memorial Day Weekend of 2011, the first ever National Collegiate GAA championship was played. The Indiana University Hurling Club won all matches of the tournament, and won by four points in the championship final to be crowned the first ever U.S. National Collegiate Champions.
In popular culture
Quotes
Hurling is definitely one of the most skilful sports in the world. There is no comparison between Hurling and soccer in terms of skill levels. For me, Hurling is the most skilful by far. And you can quote me on that!—[27] A quote from a book compiled about arguments in the LIT-Tipperary canteen, 20 November 2013
Yesterday, Tuesday, a hurling match took place in the Phoenix Park, which was honored with the presence of Her Excellency, the Countess of Westmoreland, and several of the nobility and gentry, besides a vast concourse of spectators. Much agility and athletic contention was afforded, until the spectators forced into the playing ground. Colonel Lennox, Mr. Daly, and several other gentlemen, most obligingly used their endeavours to prevent any interruption to the players, but to no effect. This active contest ended without either side claiming triumph and remains to be yet decided.
On Christmas Day and during the Christmas season we used to have hurley matches, and the whole village used to be mixed up in the game. Two men would be chosen, one from each side, for captains. Each of them used to call up man by man in turns until all who were on the strand were distributed in the two sides. We had hurleys and a ball. The game was played on the white strand without shoes or stockings, and we went in up to our necks whenever the ball went into the sea. Throughout the Twelve Days of Christmas time there wasn't a man able to drive his cow to the hill for the stiffness of his back and his bones; a pair or so would have a bruised foot, and another would be limping on one leg for a month.—[29] Tomás Ó Criomhthain reminiscing about his youth on Great Blasket Island in the years before the regularisation of hurling rules. Translated by Robin Flower
There was a grand Hurling Match in the neighborhood of Gort in the county for a considerable sum of Money between the Counties of Galway and Clare; the Hurlers of the latter made a very handsome appearance. They marched from Gort to the Turlough, two miles (3 km) distant, preceded by the Band of Musick, a French horn, a Running Footman and a fellow in Antic or Harlequin Dress. None of the Hurlers was hurt, the greatest harmony having subsisted. The County of Clare Hurlers were elegantly entertained at Crushenehaire the Night following and a Hundred guineas was proposed to be Hurled for, but the time and place not yet agreed. The above procession closed with many Carriages and Horsemen, the numerous company at the Turlough made a fine appearance.—[30] The newspaper Pue's Occurrences, 16 October 1759
Jack O'Herlihy, famous Corcaigh Hurler, played in the 1982 All-Ireland Championship said, 'I have seen many lads play this brilliant game but none so good as my old pal Luka O'Hennin'.
27 June 1827, Feast of Saint Peter and Paul. A holiday... Hurling on the Fair Green. It was a good game. The sticks were being brandished like swords. Hurling is a war-like game. The west side won the first match and the east the second. You could hear the sticks striking the ball from one end of the Green to the other. I was watching from the top end myself with Doctor Céatinn and two priests. The well-to-do young men and women were strolling up and down the Green and on the level causeway in the center.—[31] From the Irish language diaries of Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin, a 19th-century schoolmaster and politician from Callan, County Kilkenny. Translated by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
Major hurling competitions
![](/2014-wikipedia_en_all_02_2014/I/media/G/a/e/l/Gaelic_Games_County_Map.svg.png)
- All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
- National Hurling League
- Christy Ring Cup
- Nicky Rackard Cup
- All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship
- All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship
- All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
- Poc Fada
- Féile na nGael
- Composite rules shinty–hurling (usually internationals between Scotland and Ireland)
Notable players
See also
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cramer, Ben. "Pitch Man". Forbes. 23 April 2007.
- ↑ Laurence Baker, Emily (1999-07-25). "WHAT'S DOING IN; Dublin". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ↑ "'Google search results for "hurling fastest field game"'".
- ↑ Donnelly, Shawn (2 April 2012). "10 sporting events you have to see live: Because the real glory of athletic competition is being able to say, "I was there!"". CNN. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ↑ Wolstenholme, Kenneth (13 September 1959). "Why Keep This Great Game Such A Big Secret?". Sunday Press. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- ↑ "U.S. warriors champion the warrior sport of hurling", Irish Examiner, Saturday, 8 Jan 2011.
- ↑ "U.S. soldiers set up an Irish hurling team after Iraq tour – Inspired by brief visit to Ireland on way to Iraq", Tuesday, 4 Jan 2011.
- ↑ "GAA pitch size". BBC News. 2005-10-11. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
- ↑ "Gaelic Athletic Association Official Guide – Part 2". Gaelic Athletic Association. 2009-06-03. p. 13. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
- ↑ "Hurling helmets to be compulsory". RTE Sport. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Humphries, Tom (2003-09-14). "Sticks and thrones". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
- ↑ "The history and practice of Irish hurling". Modern Brewery Age. 2002-10-28. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
- ↑ Hutchinson, Roger (2004). Camanachd! The Story of Shinty. Birlinn Ltd. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-84158-326-6.
- ↑ "Traditional Celtic Sports". Kidzworld.com. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ↑ "Reviving the old art, TCD step up in class". Irish Examiner. 2007-01-20. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
- ↑ Humphries, Tom. "Kilkenny Hurling". The Irish Times.
- ↑ "DEMONSTRATION & UNOFFICIAL SPORTS".
- ↑ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ↑ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. pp. 129–137. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ↑ "The Global Irish – Buenos Aires". RTE Sport. 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
- ↑ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ↑ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ↑ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. pp. 147–151. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ↑ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ↑ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ↑ King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. pp. 85–127. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5.
- ↑ Richards, Chris (2013). Rants in the LIT-Tipperary Library: A Summary. Gill & Macmillann Ltd. p. 26.
- ↑ King, Seamus J. (2005). A History of Hurling. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7171-3938-5.
- ↑ O'Crohan, Tomas (1977). The Islandman. Oxford Paperbacks. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-0-19-281233-9.
- ↑ King, Seamus J. (2005). A History of Hurling. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7171-3938-5.
- ↑ O'Sullivan, Humphrey (1979). The Diary of an Irish Countryman. Mercier Press. ISBN 978-1-85635-042-6.
References
- King, Seamus J. (2005). A History of Hurling (second ed.). Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7171-3938-5. OCLC 61477832.
- King, Seamus J. (1998). The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad. Boherclough, Cashel, Co. Tipperary: S. J. King. ISBN 978-0-9533513-0-5. OCLC 40820752.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurling. |
- Playing Rules
- Constitution and Rules of the GAA
- Match Regulations 2008
- Official website of the Gaelic Athletic Association
- Sliotar Hurling Magazine
- An Fear Rua – the GAA Unplugged
- Video introduction to hurling
- Continental Youth Championships
- A Brief History of the Argentine Hurling Club
- Hurling in Australia and New Zealand
- Gaelic Football, Hurling are Irish Passions, National Geographic News
- Hurling, Men's Fitness Magazine
- Selection of hurling photos from Sportsfile Sports Photo Agency
- KilkennyCats.com Hurling Forum
- Seamus J. King, author website
- What is Hurling, youtube
- "Thirty Irishmen With Shillelaghs" Popular Mechanics, March 1954, pp. 146–147.
- In praise of … hurling: The courage and commitment of Cork and Clare were a shining example of sportsmanship - The Guardian editorial
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