House of Neville

House of Neville
Armorial of Neville: Gules, a saltire argent
Country	Kingdom of England, United Kingdom
Titles	Duke of Bedford Marquess of Montagu Marquess of Abergavenny Earl of Westmorland Earl of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Earl of Kent Earl of Northumberland Earl of Abergavenny Earl of Lewes Baron Neville de Raby Baron Fauconberg Baron Latimer Baron Bergavenny Baron Montagu
Founder	Uhtred
Current head	Christopher Nevill, 6th Marquess of Abergavenny

The House of Neville (also the House of Nevill) is a noble house of early medieval origin, which was a leading force in English politics in the later Middle Ages. The family became one of the two major powers in northern England along with the House of Percy and played a central role in the Wars of the Roses.

Origins

The Neville family's first established male forebear dates to after the Norman conquest of England and Domesday Book (which did not cover County Durham, of twenty years later), during which period most of the existing aristocracy of England were dispossessed and replaced by a new Norman ruling elite. Their Norman surname was only assumed four generations after the holder of 1129 — before which the male line was of native origin and had most probably been part of the pre-conquest aristocracy of Northumbria then including County Durham.^[1] The continuation of landowning among such native families was considerably more common in the more northerly parts of England than further south.^{[citation needed]}

The family can be traced back to one Uhtred, whose son Dolfin is first attested in 1129, holding the manor of Staindrop (formerly Stainthorp) in County Durham, which shared with a vast church estate and some limited common in 14,000 acres (5,700 ha).^[2] This locality remained the principal seat of the family until 1569, their chief residence being at Raby in the north of the parish of Staindrop, where in the 14th century they built the present Raby Castle, King Knut the Great (or Canute) having a mansion here previously.^[3] Dolfin was succeeded by his son Meldred and he in turn by his son Robert, who married the Norman heiress Isabel de Néville. Their son Geoffrey inherited the estates of his mother's family as well as his father's, and adopted their surname, which was borne by his descendants thereafter. In Norman-ruled England a Norman surname was more prestigious and socially advantageous than an English one.^[4] Already before the Néville marriage the family was a major power in the area: "In the extent of their landed possessions this family, holding on obdurately to native names for a full hundred years after 1066, was pre-eminent among the lay proprietors within the bishopric of Durham during the twelfth century".^[5]

In the 16th century the Nevilles claimed that their ancestor Uhtred was descended from Crinan of Dunkeld, ancestor of the Scottish royal House of Dunkeld.^[6] As well as prestigious ancient connections with the royal families of both England and Scotland, this claim entailed a line of descent from the Bamburgh dynasty of Earls of Northumbria, attaching the Nevilles' later power in the north to a pedigree of pre-eminence in the region stretching back at least as far as the early 10th century. Modern genealogists have put forward a variety of different speculative theories to connect Uhtred with his purported forebears, but none of these is supported by any direct evidence.^[1]

Rise to power

The family's wealth and power grew steadily over the following centuries. Their regional power benefited greatly from frequent appointment to royal offices such as sheriff, castellan, justice of the forest and justice of the peace in various parts of northern England. This prominent office-holding began with Geoffrey de Neville's son Robert, in the reign of Henry III, whom Robert supported against the barons under Simon de Montfort.^[7] The Nevilles also held administrative office under the prince-bishops of Durham.^[8] Robert's grandson Ralph Neville was one of the founding members of the Peerage of England, being summoned to sit in the House of Lords at its establishment in 1295 and thus initiating the line of Barons Neville de Raby. Service in the wars of the late 13th and 14th centuries against Scotland and later in the Hundred Years War in France was of key importance in further magnifying the family's standing.^[9] In 1334 Ralph Neville, Lord of Raby was appointed one of the wardens of the marches, the chief officers for frontier defence, and the Nevilles habitually occupied these posts thereafter.^[10] Ralph commanded the force that crushed an invading Scottish army at the Battle of Neville's Cross outside Durham and captured King David II in 1346. In the mid-14th century the Nevilles became involved in naval defence as well, holding the post of Admiral of the North.^[11] This period also saw them begin to hold high office at court and in the Church: the victor of Neville's Cross served as Steward of the Royal Household and on his death was succeeded in the office by his eldest son John, while John's brother Alexander became Archbishop of York and a close advisor of Richard II.^[12]

Earls of Westmorland

Raby Castle in County Durham

By the late 14th century the family had acquired an extensive array of estates across northern England. Besides their original powerbase in County Durham, they possessed another very large, coherent block of land in the North Riding of Yorkshire and major holdings in Cumberland and Northumberland. They also held scattered estates in Lancashire and further south in Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire and Essex. In addition to Raby, they owned important castles at Brancepeth near Durham and Sheriff Hutton, Middleham and Snape in northern Yorkshire.^[13] The potential of these lands as a source of political power was increased by the unusually dense concentration of the family's northern estates, creating a large expanse of country in which the Nevilles enjoyed overwhelming, uncontested dominance.^[14]

The Nevilles' emergence into the highest echelon of the aristocracy received formal recognition in 1397 when the then Lord of Raby Ralph Neville was created Earl of Westmorland by Richard II. By this time the Nevilles' power in the north was matched only by the Percy Earls of Northumberland, with whom they developed an acrimonious rivalry. These competing northern magnates enjoyed an exceptional degree of autonomy from royal authority, owing to the remoteness and insecurity of the region where they were established. The king, whose court was based in the south, had to rely on powerful lords from both houses to protect the border from Scottish invasion, counterbalance each other's influence, and help with general governance.

While the family had previously been close to Richard II, and suffered at the hands of the Lords Appellant as a result, Earl Ralph was quick to join Henry Bolingbroke when he landed in England to overthrow Richard in 1399. Shortly after Bolingbroke's successful seizure of power and accession to the throne as Henry IV, Westmorland was rewarded with a royal bride, the new king's half-sister Joan Beaufort. Henry extended Richard II's policy of bolstering the strength of the Nevilles as a check to the troublesome Percys, and the family gained from the weakening of Percy power after the failure of the revolt of Henry "Hotspur" Percy in 1403.^[15]

The Wars of the Roses

While increasing the political standing of the Nevilles, the royal marriage also led to a serious split in the family. Earl Ralph had previously been married to Margaret de Stafford, and the earldom of Westmorland descended through his son by this marriage. However, he favoured his sons by his second marriage, who received the bulk of the family lands on his death, leading to bitter disputes over the inheritance and lasting estrangement between the Nevilles of Raby, descended from Margaret Stafford, and the Nevilles of Middleham, descended from Joan Beaufort.^[16] In addition to this rich inheritance, Ralph's eldest son by Joan, Richard Neville, acquired the earldom of Salisbury by marriage to its heiress, while Salisbury's own eldest son Richard became Earl of Warwick by the same means.

Salisbury and Warwick became the most important supporters of the Yorkist pretender to the throne Richard, Duke of York during the early stages of the Wars of the Roses. Salisbury's sister Cecily had married York and was the mother of the future kings Edward IV and Richard III. York and Salisbury were both killed at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460, but Warwick helped York's son Edward, Earl of March, to oust Henry VI and gain the throne as Edward IV a few months later. The Percies were among the principal supporters of the Lancastrian cause, and after the death of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland in the decisive Lancastrian defeat at the Battle of Towton in 1461 the Nevilles secured their greatest triumph over their rivals, acquiring the earldom of Northumberland for Warwick's brother John in 1465. However, in 1469 the Percy heir was reconciled with Edward and regained the family inheritance the following year; John Neville was compensated with titular elevation as Marquess of Montagu.

Warwick, now by far the richest man in England after the king, was the power behind the throne in Edward's regime during its early years, but the two men later fell out. This was due in large part to the king's secret marriage in 1464 to Elizabeth Woodville, humiliating Warwick who had negotiated an agreement with Louis XI of France for Edward to marry the French king's sister-in-law, and to the subsequent influence of the Woodvilles, who successfully opposed Warwick over foreign policy. In 1469 Warwick seized control of government in conjunction with his brother George Neville, Archbishop of York and Edward's own brother George, Duke of Clarence. They imprisoned the king and sought to rule in his name, but the new regime was unable to impose its authority and Edward was released. After the failure of a second rebellion, which aimed to put Clarence on the throne, Warwick and his allies were forced to flee abroad, where they made common cause with the exiled Lancastrians. This alliance between old Lancastrians and disaffected Yorkists briefly restored Henry VI to the throne in 1470, but Edward IV soon counter-attacked successfully and Warwick and Montagu were killed at the Battle of Barnet in 1471. Their estates were confiscated and formed the core of the colossal agglomeration of northern lands acquired by Edward's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, the future Richard III.

Reflecting the estrangement between the two branches of the family, the Raby Nevilles led by Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmorland had sided with the Lancastrians from the outset; Westmorland's brother John Neville, Lord of Raby was killed in the defeat at Towton. The earl himself emerged from the wars unscathed, but the loss of most of the ancestral estates through their inheritance by the Middleham Nevilles and the subsequent downfall of that branch of the family left the Nevilles a much diminished force.^[17]

Later history

The regional power of the northern magnates, already severely weakened by the losses suffered in the Wars of the Roses, was sharply curtailed first by the over-extension of ambition: the marriage of half-estates heiress Anne Neville to Richard III of England who was killed at the Battle of Bosworth and then by the increasing strength of certain peers helping the monarch to administer government in the late 15th and 16th centuries. In 1569 the Nevilles and Percies buried their traditional rivalry to undertake the Revolt of the Northern Earls or 'Rising of the North', an attempt to overthrow Elizabeth I and replace her with the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots. The rebellion was a fiasco, and the Earl of Westmorland, Charles Neville, fled into exile abroad. He was attainted in his absence, losing his title and lands, and left no male heir, thus extinguishing the senior Neville line.

However, a junior branch of the family survived, descended from one of the first Earl's sons by Joan Beaufort and holding the title Baron Bergavenny. Mary Nevill(e), the daughter of Henry Nevill, 6th Baron Bergavenny fought a long legal battle to be recognised as heiress to all the remaining Neville inheritance and in the end these lands were split between herself and her cousin Edward Nevill. Her son Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland inherited through her the very old title Baron le Despencer; to him, the Neville family's senior title Earl of Westmorland was recreated and the peerage remains with his male line descendants. The home of his father-in-law remained as the family's main home until 1904, Apethorpe Hall, Northamptonshire.

Edward Nevill's descendants went on to be raised to the status of Earls and then Marquesses of Abergavenny. This line continues; the present head of the family, the 6th Marquess, Lord Abergavenny, is Christopher Nevill. His family lands have been eroded through the passage of time (whether by subdivision or inheritance tax) but the main home, at Eridge Park, has been in the family since 1448.^[18]

Titles

Members in the male line

John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby

1. Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, 1364 - 1425

A. John Neville, Lord Neville (d. 1420)

B. Sir Ralph Neville (d. 1458)

C. Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, 1400 - 1460

I. Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, 1428 - 1471 (two daughters)

II. John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu, 1431 - 1471

a. George Neville, 1st Duke of Bedford, 1461 - 1483

III. George Neville, Archbishop of York, 1432 - 1476

IV. Thomas Neville, 1443 - 1460

D. Robert Neville, d. 1457, Bishop of Durham

E. William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent, 1410 - 1463

I. Anthony Neville, Lord Grey

F. Edward Nevill, 3rd Baron Bergavenny, 1414 - 1476

I. Richard Nevill, 1439 - 1476

II. George Nevill, 4th Baron Bergavenny, 1440 - 1492

a. George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny, 1469 - 1535

i. Henry Nevill, 6th Baron Bergavenny, 1527 - 1587

b. Edward Neville, 1471 - 1538

i. Edward Nevill, 7th Baron Bergavenny, 1526 - 1588

1. Edward Nevill, 8th Baron Bergavenny, 1550 - 1622

A. Henry Nevill, 9th Baron Bergavenny, 1580 - 1641

I. John Nevill, 10th Baron Bergavenny, 1614 - 1662

II. George Nevill, 11th Baron Bergavenny, 1641 - 1666

a. George Nevill, 12th Baron Bergavenny, 1665 - 1695

Sources

External links

• http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/NEVILLE1.htm
• Cleveland, Duchess of, The Battle Abbey Roll, Vol 2, "Neuile"

References