Hot box

US-style railroad truck with journal bearings inside journal boxes

A hot box is the term used when an axle bearing overheats on a piece of railway rolling stock.^[1][2] The term is derived from the journal-bearing trucks used before the mid-20th century. The axle bearings were housed in a box that used oil-soaked rags or cotton (collectively called "packing") to reduce the friction of the axle against the truck frame. When the oil leaked or dried out, the bearings overheated, often starting a fire that could destroy the entire railroad car (and cars coupled to it) if not detected early enough.

The packing and bearing had to be regularly inspected, and packing was often added at major stops. The journal was replaceable, but if neglected, it would heat to a temperature where the babbitt bearing alloy would melt away and leave the brass carrier riding on the steel axle. This would eventually lead to the axle fracturing and the car above falling onto the wheel, which could cause a major derailment of the train. Train worker duties consisted partly of inspecting the train as it ran by, looking for smoke, sparks, or fire. They would then sound the audible report "All Black" to mean the train was not giving off any light energy that would indicate combustion or destruction of the wheel bearings. If the train worker saw "Red" or smoke, he would alert other crew members, or else make an emergency stop to the train to prevent further damage.

When this type of axle box was used, any diesel exhaust smells had to be tracked to their source, as a hot-box sometimes smells similar. Most of the larger railroads use defect detectors to scan passing trains for hot box conditions. Some of these detectors also have "automated mile posts" which send an automated radio signal to the train crew listing the train number, track number, and train speed.

Modern ball, roller or tapered bearings can also overheat, but the likelihood of a roller bearing overheating is usually far smaller than with journal bearings. When modern bearings do fail, the balls or rollers and their races fail, generating heat which can ignite fires or be the ignition source of a dust explosion in grain, coal, sawdust, etc.

Gallery

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  Hot box and hot wheel detection system PHOENIX MB (SST Signal and System Technik GmbH)

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  A wheelset from a GWR wagon showing a plain, or journal, bearing end

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  Journal box

See also

• 1833 Hightstown rail accident (United States)
• 1943 Frankford Junction train wreck (United States)
• 1979 Mississauga train derailment (Canada)
• 1984 Summit tunnel fire (England)

References

Bibliography

• Railway Age magazine April 1, 1957
• Model Railroader 1980 May 62pp