Hiwassee Dam

Hiwassee Dam
Official name	Hiwassee Dam
Location	Cherokee County, North Carolina, United States
Coordinates	35°9′5″N 84°10′39″W / 35.15139°N 84.17750°W / 35.15139; -84.17750Coordinates: 35°9′5″N 84°10′39″W / 35.15139°N 84.17750°W / 35.15139; -84.17750
Construction began	July 15, 1936
Opening date	February 8, 1940
Dam and spillways
Impounds	Hiwassee River
Length	1,376 ft (419 m)
Height	307 ft (94 m)
Reservoir
Creates	Hiwassee Reservoir
Total capacity	434,000 acre·ft (535,000 dam3)
Catchment area	968 sq mi (2,510 km2)
Power station
Installed capacity	185 MW

Hiwassee Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Hiwassee River in Cherokee County, in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is one of three dams on the river owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority, which built the dam in the late 1930s to bring flood control and electricity to the region.^[1] The dam impounds the Hiwassee Lake of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha), and its tailwaters are part of Apalachia Lake. At 307 feet (94 m), Hiwassee Dam is the third highest dam in the TVA system, behind only Fontana and Watauga.^[2]

Hiwassee Dam is named after the Hiwassee River.^[1] The river's name is derived from the Cherokee word for savanna, or large meadow, and had been applied to two of the tribe's villages along the river in the 18th century.^[3]

Location

The Hiwassee River flows northwestward from its source in Towns County, Georgia through Western North Carolina, where it proceeds to slice a scenic valley through the southern Appalachian Mountains en route to its mouth along Chickamauga Lake in Tennessee. Hiwassee Dam is located nearly 76 miles (122 km) above the river's mouth, at the downstream end of a large bend in the river known as Fowler Bend. The dam is 10 miles (16 km) upstream from Apalachia Dam (which is near the Tennessee-North Carolina state line) and 45 miles (72 km) downstream from Chatuge Dam. Hiwassee Dam and its reservoir are surrounded by the Nantahala National Forest.

Hiwassee Village, a small community that developed alongside the dam and reservoir, is located immediately south of Hiwassee Dam. North Carolina State Highway 1314 (Hiwassee Dam Access Road) crosses the top of the dam.

Capacity

Hiwassee Dam is a concrete gravity overflow dam 307 feet (94 m) high and 1,376 feet (419 m) long, and has a generating capacity of 185,000 kilowatts.^[4] The dam's spillway is controlled by seven radial gates, which, along with four regulating conduits at the bottom of the dam, give the dam a total maximum discharge of 112,000 cubic feet per second (3,200 m³/s).^[1][2] Hiwassee Lake stretches along the river for approximately 22 miles (35 km) to the town of Murphy, North Carolina, and has 180 miles (290 km) of shoreline, a storage capacity of 434,000 acre·ft (535,000 dam³) and 205,590 acre·ft (253,590 dam³) of flood storage.^[1][4] The reservoir's operating level varies by roughly 38 feet (12 m) in a typical year.^[4]

During the 1950s, TVA experimented with the idea of "pumped storage" at Hiwassee Dam. There it employed an energy-generating turbine that was run in reverse during low-demand hours to pump water below the dam into the upper reservoir. This integration of pump and turbine was the first of its kind in the United States; further, at the time it was the largest and most powerful in the world. The unit was built by Allis-Chalmers Company. The "pump-turbine" at Hiwassee is designated a "National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark" by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).^[5][6]

Background and construction

TVA's design plan for Hiwassee Dam, circa 1936

The hydroelectric potential of the Hiwassee River has been recognized since the early 1900s. The cities of Andrews and Murphy had already established minor dams with generating capacities along the river when major power companies began planning large-scale hydro projects in the valley in the 1920s. The Carolina-Tennessee Power Company (later reorganized as the Southern States Power Company) purchased 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) of land and flowage rights along the river in 1924 in hopes of building a large dam just above the present dam site, but the project never materialized. The Tennessee Valley Authority, created as a New Deal measure in 1933, was given oversight of flood control operations in the Tennessee River watershed, which included the Hiwassee. One of TVA's first initiatives was to control flooding on the Hiwassee River, the waters of which were a major contributor to flooding in Chattanooga. Congress authorized the construction of Hiwassee Dam in 1935, and work began the following year. Southern States Power agreed to sell its Hiwassee tract to TVA, although the two entities bickered over the land's value in federal court until 1944, when TVA agreed to a final price of $250,000.^[1]

The construction of Hiwassee Dam and its reservoir required the purchase of 24,102 acres (9,754 ha) (including the 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) purchased from Southern States Power), 3,836 acres (1,552 ha) of which had to be cleared. 261 families, 462 graves, and 25 miles (40 km) of roads had to be relocated. Eight new bridges were constructed, and a Southern Railway trestle required modification. Several changes were necessary to protect the city of Murphy's riverfront, mainly at its main bridge and filtering plant.^[1]

Construction of Hiwassee Dam's powerhouse and switchyard

Hiwassee Dam's height required a large mass of concrete which engineers feared would trap heat during its setting, making the dam more vulnerable to cracks. To help heat escape, the dam's concrete sections were divided into blocks no more than 50 feet (15 m) in length. The blocks' joints were formed with shear keys, and pipes were installed to allow future grouting should it become necessary. Several practices were employed to avoid trapping heat in the setting of the concrete, including the use of low-heat cement.^[1]

Hiwassee Dam's gates were closed on February 8, 1940, although minor construction work continued until later that same year. The first generator went online May 21, 1940.^[1] The dam's final price tag was just over $24 million.^[2] Shortly after the project's completion, TVA transferred 17,000 acres (6,900 ha) of its Hiwassee reservation to the U.S. Forest Service for inclusion in the Nantahala National Forest.^[1]

During the 1950s, TVA experimented with the idea of "pumped storage" at Hiwassee Dam. There it employed an energy-generating turbine that was run in reverse during low-demand hours to pump water below the dam into the upper reservoir. This integration of pump and turbine was the first of its kind in the United States; further, at the time it was the largest and most powerful in the world. The unit was built by Allis-Chalmers Company. The "pump-turbine" at Hiwassee is designated a "National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark" by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).^[5][6]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hiwassee Dam.

• Hiwassee Reservoir — official TVA site
• Scrapbooks of Edgar F. Pohlmann, Engineering Aide, Hiwassee Dam, TVA