Hiri Motu language

Hiri Motu
Police Motu
Region	Papua New Guinea
Native speakers	Very few  (1992)[1] 120,000 L2 speakers (1989)[1]
Language family	Simplified form of Motu (Austronesian family)
Official status
Official language in	Papua New Guinea
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ho
ISO 639-2	hmo
ISO 639-3	hmo

Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is an official language of Papua New Guinea.^[2] It is a simplified version of Motu, of the Austronesian language family.

Although it is strictly neither a pidgin nor a creole, it possesses some features of both language types. Phonological and grammatical differences mean that Hiri Motu speakers cannot understand Motu. Similarly, Motu speakers who do not also learn Hiri Motu have similar difficulties, though the languages are lexically very similar, and retain a common Austronesian syntactical basis.

Even in the areas where it was once well established as a lingua franca, the use of Hiri Motu has been declining in favour of Tok Pisin and English for many years.

Dialects

Hiri Motu has two dialects, called Austronesian and Papuan. Both dialects are in fact "Austronesian" in both grammar and vocabulary, due to their original derivation from Motu; the dialect names refer to the "first languages" spoken by users of this lingua franca. The Papuan dialect (also called "Non-central") was in the language's heyday much more widely spoken, and was, at least from about 1964, used as the standard for official publications. The Austronesian (or "Central") dialect is closer to Motu in grammar and phonology, and its vocabulary is both more extensive and closer to the "original" language. For these reasons, it had a much higher status, and was regarded by almost all speakers as more "correct".

History

The language has a history long pre-dating European contact; it developed among participants in the Hiri trade cycle (principally in sago and clay pots) between the Motu people and their neighbours on the southeast coast of the island of New Guinea.^[3] In early European colonial days, the use of Hiri Motu was spread due to its adoption by the Royal Papua Constabulary (hence the name "Police Motu"). By the early 1960s, Hiri Motu had probably reached its widest use, being the normal lingua franca of a large part of the country. It was the first language of many persons whose parents came from different language groups (typically the children of policemen and other public servants).

Since the early 1970s, if not earlier, the use of Hiri Motu as a day-to-day lingua franca in its old "range" has been gradually declining in favour of English and Tok Pisin. Today its speakers tend to be elderly, and concentrated in Central and Gulf provinces. Reflecting this situation, younger speakers of the "parent language" (Motu proper) tend to be unfamiliar with Hiri Motu, and few of them understand or speak it well, which was certainly not the case a generation or two ago.

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Tom Dutton (1985). Police Motu: iena Sivarai (its story). Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: The University of Papua New Guinea Press.
• Lister-Turner, R and Clark, J.B. (1931), A Dictionary of the Motu Language of Papua, 2nd Edition (P. Chatterton, ed). Sydney, New South Wales: Government Printer.
• Lister-Turner, R and Clark, J.B. (1931), A Grammar of the Motu Language of Papua, 2nd Edition (P. Chatterton, ed). Sydney, New South Wales: Government Printer.
• Brett, Richard; Brown, Raymond; Brown, Ruth and Foreman, Velma. (1962), A Survey of Motu and Police Motu. Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

External links

Hiri Motu language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

For a list of words relating to Hiri Motu language, see the Hiri Motu language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.