High yellow

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For the film, see High Yellow.
French novelist Alexandre Dumas, père was called "High Yellow" in a 1929 issue of Time magazine.

High yellow, occasionally simply yellow (dialect: yaller, yeller), is a term for persons classified as black who also have a high proportion of white ancestry.[1] It is a reference to the golden yellow skin tone of some mixed-race people. The term was in common use in the United States at the end of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century. It is often considered offensive.[2] It is reflected in such popular songs of the era as "The Yellow Rose of Texas".

Etymology

"High" is usually considered a reference to a social class system in which skin color (and associated ancestries) is a major factor, placing those of lighter skin (with more European ancestry) at the top and those of darker skin at the bottom.[3] High yellows, while still considered part of the African-American ethnic group, were thought to gain privileges because of their skin and ancestry.[4] "Yellow" is in reference to the usually very pale yellow undertone to the skin color of members of this group, often due to admixture with Europeans.[5] Another reading of the etymology of the word "high" is that it is a slang word for "very," often used in Southern English, therefore "very yellow" (as opposed to brown).

Skin color

Many high yellows are as light skinned as Europeans, and even lighter than some Europeans. Their specific skin hue is generally the result of European ancestry from sexual unions with Africans during the colonial and 19th-century period in the United States during the long history of slavery. In other cases, some African descendants simply have naturally lighter-skinned genes than most other Africans, without admixture.[6]

One ethnic group for which light skin is characteristic are the indigenous tribes of the Khoi and San of South Africa. They have noticeably pale, yellow-toned skin, yet have some of the oldest indigenous African DNA on the continent. (They were not among the groups who were most frequently transported as slaves to North America.) Scientific studies conclude that natural human skin color diversity is highest in Sub-Saharan African populations because of the highly diverse population; many Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendents may be naturally extremely light skinned, with others in their family being naturally extremely dark skinned. In addition, Africa has had its own long history of admixture among peoples, especially with Arabs in coastal and other regions of Africa nearest to the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa where the people came into contact. (Relethford 2000).

Use as social class distinction

In an aspect of colorism, "high yellow" was also related to social class distinctions among people of color. In post-Civil War South Carolina, according to one account by historian Edward Ball, "Members of the colored elite were called 'high yellow' for their shade of skin", as well as slang terms meaning snobbish.[7] In New Orleans, the term "high-yellow" was associated with Creole "brahmins".[8][Note 1] In his biography of Duke Ellington, a native of Washington, D.C., David Bradbury wrote that Washington's:

social life was dominated by light-skinned 'high yellow' families, some pale enough to 'pass for white,' who shunned and despised darker African-Americans. The behaviour of high yellow society was a replica of high white, except that whereas the white woman invested in tightly curled permanents and, at least if young, cultivated a deep sun tan, the colored woman used bleach lotions and Mrs. Walker's "Anti-Kink" or the equivalent to straighten hair.[9]

In some cases the confusion of color with class came about because some of the lighter-skinned blacks came from families of mixed heritage free before the Civil War, who had begun to accumulate education and property. In addition, some wealthier white planters made an effort to have their "natural" sons (the term for children outside marriage created with enslaved women) educated or trained as apprentices; some passed on property to them. For instance, in 1860, most of the 200 subscription students at Wilberforce College were the mixed-race sons of white planters, who paid for their education.[10][11]

These social distinctions made the cosmopolitan Harlem more appealing to many blacks.[9] The Cotton Club of the Prohibition era "had a segregated, white-only audience policy and a color-conscious, 'high yellow' hiring policy for chorus girls".[12] It was common for lighter-skinned African Americans to hold "paper bag parties," which admitted only those whose complexion was lighter than that of a brown paper bag.

In her 1942 Glossary of Harlem Slang, Zora Neale Hurston placed "high yaller" at the beginning of the entry for colorscale, which ran:

"high yaller, yaller, high brown, vaseline brown, seal brown, low brown, dark brown"[13]

Applied to individuals

The French author Alexandre Dumas was the son of a French mulatto general (born in Saint-Domingue but educated by his father in France) and his French wife. He was described as having skin "with a yellow so high it was almost white". In a 1929 review, TIME magazine referred to him as a "High Yellow Fictioneer".[14] NAACP director Walter Francis White was described as "yellow" by a racist train conductor.[15]

Art and popular culture

The terminology and its cultural aspects were explored in Dael Orlandersmith's play Yellowman, a 2002 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in drama. The play depicts a dark-skinned girl whose own mother "inadvertently teaches her the pain of rejection and the importance of being accepted by the 'high yellow' boys." One reviewer described the term as having "the inherent, unwieldy power to incite black Americans with such intense divisiveness and fervor" as few others.[16]

The phrase survives in folk songs such as "The Yellow Rose of Texas," which originally referred to Emily West Morgan, a "mulatto" indentured servant apocryphally associated with the Battle of San Jacinto. Blind Willie McTell's song "Lord, Send Me an Angel" has its protagonist forced to choose between three women, described as "Atlanta yellow," "Macon brown," and a "Statesboro blackskin".[17] Bessie Smith's song "I've Got What It Takes", by Clarence Williams, refers to "a slick high yeller" boyfriend who "turned real pale" when she wouldn't wait for him to get out of jail.[17] Curtis Mayfield's song "We the People Who Are Darker Than Blue" makes reference to a "high yellow girl".[18]

As recently as 2004, white R&B singer-songwriter Teena Marie released a song titled "High Yellow Girl," said to be about her daughter Alia Rose,[19] who is biracial.[20] The related phrase "high brown" was used in Irving Berlin's original lyrics for "Puttin' on the Ritz".[21] Rapper Jay-Z refers to his wife, singer Beyoncé Knowles, as "my high yellow broad," in his 2009 song "Off That," from the The Blueprint 3 album.[22]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Johnson heard these terms used by contemporary students at Montclair University, where he teaches.

References

  1. ↑ Dalzell, Tom (2009). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 9780415371827. 
  2. ↑ Philip Herbst (1 December 1997). The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States. Yarmouth, Me., USA: Intercultural Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-877864-97-1. Retrieved 18 April 2013. 
  3. ↑ Hunt, Y.; Augustson, E.; Rutten, L.; Moser, R.; Yaroch, A. (2012). "History and Culture of Tanning in the United States". Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning. p. 5. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2048-0_2. ISBN 978-94-007-2047-3. 
  4. ↑ Banks, Taunya Lovell (2000). "Colorism: A Darker Shade of Pale". UCLA Law Review. Symposium Race and the Law at the Turn of the Century 47: 1705–1885. Retrieved 2013-02-14. 
  5. ↑ Herbst, Philip (1997-12-01). The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States. Intercultural Press. ISBN 9781877864971. 
  6. ↑ "The Case of Desiree's Baby: The Genetics and Evolution of Human Skin Color", Case Teaching Notes - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science]
  7. ↑ Ball, Edward (5 November 2002). The Sweet Hell Inside: The Rise of an Elite Black Family in the Segregated South. New York: HarperCollins. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-06-050590-5. Retrieved 6 June 2013. 
  8. ↑ Stephen M. Johnson (February 1994). Popular Culture as Religion: Faiths by Which We Naturally Live 1. Popular Culture Review. pp. 107–111. Retrieved 2007-10-07. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bradbury, David (2005). Duke Ellington. London: Haus Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-904341-66-6. Retrieved 6 June 2013. 
  10. ↑ Campbell, James T. (1995). Songs of Zion : The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States and South Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 256–259. ISBN 978-0-19-536005-9. Retrieved Jan 13, 2009. 
  11. ↑ Talbert, Horace (1906). The Sons of Allen: Together with a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio. Xenia, Ohio: Aldine Press. p. 267. 
  12. ↑ Thomas J. Hennessey (1994). From Jazz to Swing: African-American Jazz Musicians and Their Music, 1890-1935. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2179-8. 
  13. ↑ Zora Neale Hurston (July 1942). "Story in Harlem Slang". The American Mercury 55 (223). pp. 84–96. Retrieved 2013-06-06. 
  14. ↑ "High-Yellow Fictioneer". TIME magazine. September 30, 1929. Retrieved 2007-10-07. 
  15. ↑ The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc (March 1969). The Crisis. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. p. 115. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved 20 November 2010. ; see also Time magazine
  16. ↑ Jolene Munch (March 18, 2004). "True Colors: Insightful Yellowman at Arena Stage". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 2007-10-07. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Richard W. Bailey (November 2006). "Talking about words: How Many Words?". Michigan Today alumni newsletter. Retrieved 2007-10-07. 
  18. ↑ http://www.metrolyrics.com/we-the-people-who-are-darker-than-blue-lyrics-curtis-mayfield.html
  19. ↑ Gene Armstrong (June 3, 2004). "Rhythm & Views: Teena Marie, La Doña". Tucson Weekly. Retrieved 2007-10-07. 
  20. ↑ "At home with Teena Marie and daughter Alia Rose". Jet (magazine). July 1, 2005. Retrieved 2007-10-07. 
  21. ↑ Steffen, David J. (2005). From Edison to Marconi: The First Thirty Years of Recorded Music. McFarland. p. 133. ISBN 0-7864-2061-8. 
  22. ↑ "Lyrics for The Blueprint 3". Jay-Z.com. Atlantic Records. Retrieved 7/6/2010. 

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