Hibiscus tea

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Dried hibiscus calyces.

Hibiscus tea is a tisane or "herbal tea" consumed both hot and cold by people around the world. The drink is an infusion made from crimson or deep magenta-coloured calyces (sepals) of the Hibiscus sabdariffa flower. It is also referred to as roselle (another common name for the hibiscus flower) or rosella (Australian), agua de Jamaica and/or flor de Jamaica[citation needed] in Latin America, Arhul ka phool in india karkadé in Levant, Egypt, Italy and Sudan, Chai Kujarat in Iraq, Chai Torsh in Iran, gumamela in the Philippines, bissap, tsoborodo or wonjo in West Africa, sorrel in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, red sorrel in the wider Caribbean, and other names in other regions, including the U.S., where it is sometimes known as simply Jamaica. Hibiscus tea has a tart, cranberry-like flavor, and sugar is often added to sweeten the beverage. The tea contains vitamin C and minerals and is used traditionally as a mild medicine. In west Sudan a white hibiscus flower is favored for its bitter taste and is customarily served to guests. Hibiscus tea contains 15-30% organic acids, including citric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid. It also contains acidic polysaccharides and flavonoid glycosides, such as cyanidin and delphinidin, that give it its characteristic deep red colour.

Active compound

Hibiscus flowers contain anthocyanins, which are believed to be active antihypertensive compounds, acting as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.

Consumption

Americas

A glass of cold agua de Flor de Jamaica in a Cuernavaca restaurant.
Bag of Flor de Jamaica calyces from Mexico, sold by Comercial Mexicana.

"Agua de Flor de Jamaica", also called agua de Jamaica and rosa de Jamaica, is popular in Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America and the Caribbean. It is one of several common aguas frescas, which are inexpensive beverages typically made from fresh juices or extracts. Agua de Flor de Jamaica is usually prepared by steeping the calyces, along with ginger (in Jamaica), in boiling water, straining the mixture, pressing the calyces (to squeeze all the juice out), adding sugar, and sometimes a little rum (in Jamaica), and stirring.[1] It is served chilled, and in Jamaica this drink is a tradition on Christmas, served with fruit cake or potato pudding.[2]

In Panama both the flowers and the drink are called saril (a derivative of the Jamaican word sorrel). It is prepared by picking and boiling the calyces with chopped ginger, sugar, clove, cinnamon, and nutmeg. It is traditionally drunk around Christmas and Chinese New Year, diverging from Mexico and Central America and much more in line with the Caribbean, due to the strong West Indian influence in Panamanian culture specially in Panama City and most of Panama's Caribbean coast.

Dried hibiscus calyces, often labeled Flor de Jamaica, have long been available in health food stores in the United States for making this tea, especially in California and other areas influenced by Mexican customs. Flor de Jamaica has a reputation for being a mild natural diuretic.[3]

In the English-speaking Caribbean, the drink, called sorrel, is made from the fresh fruit, and it is considered an integral part of Christmas celebrations. The Caribbean Development Company, a Trinidad and Tobago brewery, produces a Sorrel Shandy in which the tea is combined with beer.

In the United States, hibiscus tea was popularized by Celestial Seasonings as "Red Zinger" in 1972.[4]

Africa

Karkadé (/ˈkɑrkədeɪ/ KAR-kə-day; Egyptian Arabic: كركديه, [kæɾkæˈdeː]) is served hot or chilled with ice. It is very popular in some parts of North Africa, especially in Egypt and Sudan; hibiscus from Upper Egypt and Sudan is highly prized in both countries. In Egypt and Sudan, wedding celebrations are traditionally toasted with a glass of hibiscus tea. On a typical street in downtown Cairo, one can find many vendors and open-air cafés selling the drink.[5]

In Africa, especially the Sahel, hibiscus tea is commonly sold on the street and the dried flowers can be found in every market. Variations on the drink are popular in West Africa and parts of Central Africa. In Senegal, bissap is known as the "national drink of Senegal". Similar beverages include wanjo in The Gambia, dabileni in Mali, and zobo or tsobo in all of Nigeria.[6] Hibiscus tea is especially popular in Sudan where it is often prepared by soaking the calyces in cold water for a few days and then straining the result.[5] Hibiscus tea is often flavored with mint or ginger in West Africa.

Asia

In Thailand, most commonly, roselle is prepared as a cold beverage, heavily sweetened and poured over ice, similar to sweetened fruit juices. Plastic bags filled with ice and sweetened 'grajeab' can be found outside of most schools and in local markets. Roselle is also drunk as a tea, believed to reduce cholesterol.

It is less commonly made into a wine, sometimes combined with Chinese tea leaves, in the ratio of 4:1 by weight (1/5 Chinese tea). The beverage is popular in Malaysia and Indonesia as well.

In China, candied flower petals are occasionally available. In Mandarin Chinese, it is called luòshénhuā (洛神花).

Europe

In Italy, the tea, known as "carcadè" or "italian tea", is usually drunk cold and often sugared with freshly squeezed lemon juice. Introduced while Eritrea was an Italian colony (from 1860 to 1941), once its use was much more widespread. Benito Mussolini promoted the habit of drinking carcadè instead of English tea, after the penalties for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War that hit Italy. In other European countries, it is often an ingredient in mixed tisanes, (especially with malva flowers or rose hips in the mix, to enhance colouring), and as such, more commonly used than recognized.

Health benefits

Preliminary study has shown that drinking hibiscus tea may lower blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes,[3] prehypertension, or mild hypertension.[7][8][9] However, there is no reliable evidence to support recommending hibiscus tea in the treatment of primary hypertension.[10][11] The average systolic blood pressure for diabetics drinking hibiscus tea decreased from 134.8 mmHg (17.97 kPa) at the beginning of one study to 112.7 mmHg (15.03 kPa) at the end of the study, one month later.[3] Drinking 3 cups of hibiscus tea daily for 6 weeks reduced systolic blood pressure by 7 mm Hg in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive participants. In those with mean systolic blood pressure over 129 mm Hg, the reduction was nearly 14 mm Hg. Hibiscus flowers contain anthocyanins, which are believed to be active antihypertensive compounds, acting as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.

The effects of drinking hibiscus tea are comparable to blood-pressure medication. A study published in 2007 compared Hibiscus sabdariffa L. to the drug lisinopril on people with hypertension. Hibiscus "decreased blood pressure (BP) from 146.48/97.77 to 129.89/85.96 mmHg, reaching an absolute reduction of 17.14/11.97 mmHg (11.58/12.21%, p < 0.05)." Blood pressure "reductions and therapeutic effectiveness were lower than those obtained with lisinopril (p < 0.05)." The authors concluded that hibiscus "exerted important antihypertensive effectiveness with a wide margin of tolerability and safety, while it also significantly reduced plasma ACE activity and demonstrated a tendency to reduce serum sodium (Na) concentrations without modifying potassium (K) levels." They attributed the blood pressure reducing effect of hibiscus to its diuretic effect and its ability to inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme through the presence of anthocyanins.[12]

A 2004 study compared the effectiveness of hibiscus to the ACE-inhibiting drug captopril. The authors found that the hibiscus worked as well as the drug captopril: "obtained data confirm that the H. sabdariffa extract, standardized on 9.6mg of total anthocyanins, and captopril 50 mg/day, did not show significant differences relative to hypotensive effect, antihypertensive effectiveness, and tolerability."[13]

References

  1. ↑ Swanson, Heidi (2005-06-06). "The Jamaica Flower Iced Tea Recipe". 101 Cookbooks. Retrieved 2008-06-01. 
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mozaffari-Khosravi, H.; Jalali-Khanabadi, B. -A.; Afkhami-Ardekani, M.; Fatehi, F.; Noori-Shadkam, M. (2008). "The effects of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on hypertension in patients with type II diabetes". Journal of Human Hypertension 23 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.100. PMID 18685605. 
  4. ↑ Modern Marvels, "Tea"
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Feeney, John (September/October 2001). "The Red Tea of Egypt". Saudi Aramco World (Saudi Aramco). Retrieved 2008-06-01. 
  6. ↑ Recipe at Congocookbook.com Retrieved on 05-23-07.
  7. ↑ McKay, D. L.; Chen, C. Y. O.; Saltzman, E.; Blumberg, J. B. (2009). "Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Tea (Tisane) Lowers Blood Pressure in Prehypertensive and Mildly Hypertensive Adults". Journal of Nutrition 140 (2): 298–303. doi:10.3945/jn.109.115097. PMID 20018807. 
  8. ↑ "AHA 2008: Hibiscus Tea Reduces Blood Pressure". 11 November 2008. 
  9. ↑ "Hibiscus Tea Lowers Blood Pressure". 19 November 2008. 
  10. ↑ Wahabi, H. A.; Alansary, L. A.; Al-Sabban, A. H.; Glasziuo, P. (2010). "The effectiveness of Hibiscus sabdariffa in the treatment of hypertension: A systematic review". Phytomedicine 17 (2): 83–86. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2009.09.002. PMID 19801187. 
  11. ↑ Hopkins, A. L.; Lamm, M. G.; Funk, J. L.; Ritenbaugh, C. (2013). "Hibiscus sabdariffa L. In the treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia: A comprehensive review of animal and human studies". Fitoterapia 85: 84–94. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2013.01.003. PMC 3593772. PMID 23333908. 
  12. ↑ Herrera-Arellano A, Miranda-Sánchez J, Avila-Castro P, et al. (January 2007). "Clinical effects produced by a standardized herbal medicinal product of Hibiscus sabdariffa on patients with hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, lisinopril-controlled clinical trial". Planta Med. 73 (1): 6–12. doi:10.1055/s-2006-957065. PMID 17315307. 
  13. ↑ Herrera-Arellano A, Flores-Romero S, Chávez-Soto MA, Tortoriello J (July 2004). "Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a controlled and randomized clinical trial". Phytomedicine 11 (5): 375–82. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2004.04.001. PMID 15330492. 

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