Hibernoma
| Hibernoma | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
 Micrograph of a hibernoma. H&E stain. | |
| ICD-10 | D17 (ILDS D17.950) |
| ICD-O: | 8880/0 |
A hibernoma is a benign neoplasm of vestigial brown fat, a term originally used by Gery in 1914.
Classification
This lesion has been called a fetal lipoma, lipoma of embryonic fat or a lipoma of immature fat.[1]
Signs and symptoms
Patients present with a slow-growing, painless, solitary mass, usually of the subcutaneous tissues. It is much less frequently noted in the intramuscular tissue. It is not uncommon for symptoms to be present for years. [1] [2]
Imaging findings
In general, imaging studies show a well-defined, heterogeneous mass, usually showing a mass which is hypointense to subcutaneous fat on magnetic resonance T1-weight images. Serpentine, thin, low signal bands (septations or vessels) are often seen throughout the tumor.
Pathology findings
From a macroscopic perspective, there is a well-defined, encapsulated or circumscribed mass, showing a soft, yellow tan to deep brown mass. The size ranges from 1 to 27 cm, although the mean is about 10 cm. [1]
- Lobular type: Variable degrees of differentiation of uniform, round to oval cells with granular eosinophilic cells with prominent borders, alternating with coarsely multivacuolated fat cells (pale cells). There are usually small centrally placed nuclei without pleomorphism. The cells have large cytoplasmic lipid droplets interspersed throughout. [1] [2]
- Myxoid variant: Loose, basophilic matrix, with thick fibrous septa, and foamy histiocytes
- Lipoma-like variant: Univacuolated lipocytes, with only isolated hibernoma cells
- Spindle cell variant: Spindle cell lipoma combined with hibernoma
Additional images
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Hibernoma (intermediate magnification).
Histochemistry
Oil red O-positive droplets of cytoplasmic lipid can be seen in most cases.
Immunohistochemistry
The neoplastic cells are S100 protein positive (approximately 80%), and show membrane and vacuole CD31 immunoreactivity. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a unique brown fat mitochondrial protein, is also positive.
Cytogenetics
There are structural rearrangements of 11q13-21, which are considered most characteristic. This alteration can be detected by metaphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Interestingly, MEN1 gene (11q13.1) is most frequently deleted, while GARP gene (11q13.5) may also be involved.
Cytology
The fine needle aspiration smears show small, round, brown fat-like cells, with uniform, small cytoplasmic vacuoles and regular, small, round nuclei. There is usually a rich vascular background of branching capillaries. It is not uncommon to also have mature fat cells.
Differential diagnoses
It is important to separate hiberoma from adult rhabdomyoma, a granular cell tumor and a true liposarcoma.
Management
Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice, associated with an excellent long term clinical outcome.
Epidemiology
The tumor is rare, affecting adults in the 4th decade most commonly. Patients are usually younger than those who present with a lipoma. There is a slight male predominance. Hibernoma are most commonly identified in the head and neck region (shoulders, neck, scapular), followed by thigh, back, chest, abdomen, and arms.
See also
- Lipoma
- Skin lesion
- List of cutaneous conditions
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Furlong, M. A.; Fanburg-Smith, J. C.; Miettinen, M. (2001). "The morphologic spectrum of hibernoma: A clinicopathologic study of 170 cases". The American journal of surgical pathology 25 (6): 809–814. PMID 11395560.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Paul, M. A.; Koomen, A. R.; Blok, P. (1989). "Hibernoma, a brown fat tumour". The Netherlands journal of surgery 41 (4): 85–87. PMID 2674772.
Further reading
Lester D. R. Thompson, Bruce M Wenig (2011). Diagnostic Pathology: Head and Neck: Published by Amirsys. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 8:42–43. ISBN 1-931884-61-7.