Hiberno-Normans

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For other uses, see Peerage of Ireland and Gaelic nobility of Ireland.
Ireland in 1300 showing maximum extent of Hiberno-Norman control.

The Hiberno-Normans are those Normans who settled in Ireland after the Norman conquest of Ireland in 1169 and who remained a distinct community until their eclipse in the early 17th century following the Tudor conquest of Ireland. The term embraces both their origins as a distinct community with their own dialect of Norman-French and their development in Ireland (the prefix "Hiberno" means "relating to Ireland or the Irish", from Hibernia). The Clan Burke, FitzGeralds, Butlers and de Berminghams are notable families among them.

The Hiberno-Normans often admitted little if any real fealty to the Anglo-Norman settlers in England,[1] and soon began to interact and intermarry with the Gaelic nobility of Ireland, especially outside the zone of English control known as The Pale. This process of gaelicisation became known as the Hiberno-Normans becoming more Irish than the Irish themselves (Latinised as Hiberniores Ipsis Hibernis).

By the late 16th century, the Hiberno-Normans began to be referred to as the Old English. In the Irish language, they were known as the gaill or "foreigners". Englishmen born in England however were called Sasanaigh or "Saxons", and there was a very strong distinction made between Gaill and Sasanaigh in the Irish annals, with the former being referred to variously as Fionnghaill or Dubhghaill depending upon how much the poet wished to flatter his patron.[2]

Hiberno-Norman surnames

Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan, progenitor of the Irish FitzGerald dynasty, from a manuscript of the Expugnatio Hibernica, an account of the 1169 invasion of Ireland written by Maurice's nephew, Gerald of Wales, in 1189.

The following is a list of Hiberno-Norman surnames, many of them unique to Ireland. For example the prefix "Fitz" meaning "son of", in surnames like Fitzgerald or Fitzpatrick is particularly Hiberno-Norman ( cf. modern French "fils de" with the same meaning).[3]

  • Barrett
  • Blake, from de Blaca
  • Blanchfield, from De Blancheville
  • Burke, also the variants Bourke and de Burge
  • Butler
  • D'Alton
  • D'Arcy, also the variant De Arcy
  • de Barry
  • de Clare
  • Candon, Condon, from de Caunteton[citation needed]
  • de Lacy
  • Devereaux
  • Deane, from de Denne
  • Fanning
  • FitzDermot, this gives the appearance of an Hiberno-Norman surname but originated with the Mac Gilla Mo-Cholmóg family of the Uí Dúnchada sept of the Uí Dúnlainge at the time of the Norman Invasion. They were based at Lyons Hill, Co. Dublin.
  • FitzGerald
  • FitzGibbons
  • Fitzhenry, also the variant Fitzharris
  • Fitzmaurice, also the variant Fitzmorris
  • FitzPatrick, this came from the native Gaelic-Irish Mac Giolla Phádraig, Kings of Ossory.
  • Fitzralph
  • Fitzrichard
  • FitzRoy
  • Fitzsimons/Fitzsimon
  • Fitzstephen
  • Fitzwilliam
  • Joyce
  • Kilcoyne, derived from the original Gaelic "O Cadhain", emerged in Norman Galway.
  • Lambart (There is a possible kinship between the Lambarts and Lamberts)
  • Lambert, also the variant Lamport. Most notably John Lambert of Creg Clare
  • Mansell, from Le Mans, France
  • Marren
  • Martyn, also the variant Martin
  • Mac Eoin Bissett
  • Nicolas, Nicola
  • Plunkett
  • Power[citation needed]
  • Prendergast[citation needed]
  • Preston[citation needed]
  • Redmond
  • Rice
  • de Tiúit/Tuite
  • Rossiter (other form to write Rosseter, Rossitur, Raucester, Rawcester, Rochester)
  • Russell (Derived from a French term for a red-haired individual.)
  • Savage
  • Sinnott[citation needed]
  • Testard
  • Tyrrell or Tyrell
  • Walshe/Walsh/Welsh (meaning "Briton" or "foreigner" or literally "Welshman". Gaelic Breathnach)
  • Woulfe (Anglicized from the Original Norman-Gaelic De Bhulbh [Wolf])
  • White (Anglicized from the original de Faoite meaning "of fair skin")
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Hiberno-Norman texts

There are an extensive number of texts in Hiberno-Norman French, most of them administrative (including commercial) or legal, although there are a few literary works as well.[4][5] There is a large amount of parliamentary legislation, including the famous Statute of Kilkenny and municipal documents.

The major literary text is The Song of Dermot and the Earl, a Chanson de geste of 3458 lines of verse, concerning Dermot McMurrough and Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (known as "Strongbow").[6] Other texts include the Walling of New Ross composed about 1275, and early 14th century poems about the customs of Waterford.

See also

References

  1. ↑ See, for instance, Robert Dudley-Edwards, Ireland in the Age of the Tudors: The Destruction of Hiberno-Norman Civilization (1977); Gearóid Mac Niocaill The Red Book of the Earls of Kildare (1966);
  2. ↑ See Art Cosgrove, 'Hiberniores Ipsis Hibernis', Late Medieval Ireland 1370-1541 (Dublin, 1981) for a discussion of the differences between 'Gaill', 'Gaedhil' and 'Saxain' in late medieval Irish identity. Fionnghaill, fair-haired foreigners, were of Norwegian descent; Dubhghaill, dark-haired foreigners, were of Danish descent. The former had longer roots in Ireland and thus was, as Brendan Bradshaw demonstrated, used as a greater compliment. Normans were, of course, originally "men of the North" i.e. from Scandinavia. See CELT (http://www.ucc.ie/celt/publishd.html) for English translations of these distinctions made in all the principal late medieval Irish annals.
  3. ↑ Edward MacLysaght, Guide to Irish Surnames (1965)
  4. ↑ list of Hiberno-Norman French texts at CELT
  5. ↑ Bibliography of Hiberno-Norman French at CELT
  6. ↑ Online text of Song of Dermot and the Earl at CELT
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