Hertfordshire puddingstone

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A fractured specimen of Hertfordshire puddingstone. A fracture runs across both the pebbles and the sandy matrix as both have equal strength.

Hertfordshire puddingstone is a conglomerate sedimentary rock composed of rounded flint pebbles cemented together by a younger matrix of silica quartz. The distinctive rock is largely confined to the English county of Hertfordshire but small amounts occur throughout the London Basin.[1] Despite a superficial similarity to concrete it is entirely natural. Like other puddingstones, it derives its name from the manner in which the embedded flints resemble the plums in a Christmas pudding.[1][1][2]

The flints were eroded from the surrounding chalk beds some 56 million years ago in the Eocene epoch and were transported by water action to beaches, where they were rounded by wave erosion and graded by size. A lowering of sea levels and general drying during a brief arid period known as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum drew out silica from surrounding rocks into the water immersing the flint pebbles. Further drying precipitated the silica which hardened around the pebbles, trapping them in the matrix.

Puddingstone is rarely found in situ in the strata but its hardness has preserved loose rocks and boulders commonly found in river beds, and less frequently exposed at the surface.[2][3] A well researched outcrop lies at Colliers End near Ware.[1]

Oxides of iron were also trapped in the silica matrix, giving rise to many different hues when the puddingstone is examined closely. From a greater distance, puddingstone is generally brown or ginger in colour, although pink is possible. The density of flint inclusions shows notable variation between specimens.[1][2]

The silica is very hard, which led to use being made of puddingstone as an auxiliary building material supplementing flintstone buildings such as St Mary's Church, Stocking Pelham; as a decorative feature or waymark in Hertfordshire villages, such as at Watton-at-Stone; or, during Roman times, for grinding corn. A fragment of a quern stone made from puddingstone, has recently been found by archaeologist Dominic Shelley on the site of a Romano-British farmstead in Great Eversden, Cambridgeshire.

Native Hertfordshire Puddingstone outside the Cock and Rabbit public house at The Lee.

Rock similar to the sand matrix of Hertfordshire Puddingstone, and with similar silica cement, but lacking the pebbles, occurs further west in Southern England, and is called Sarsen stone.[4] It was used in part of the construction of Stonehenge.

Hertfordshire puddingstone was credited in local folklore with several supernatural powers, including being a protective charm against witchcraft. Parish records from the village of Aldenham relate that in 1662 a woman suspected of having been a witch was buried with a piece of it laid on top of her coffin to prevent her from escaping after burial. In living memory a piece of Pudding Stone was given to a bride and groom, possibly as a fertility symbol.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Lovell, Bryan; Jane Tubb. Mercian Geologist (in MG2006) (2006 16 (3)): 185 http://www.ehgc.org.uk/Lovell_Tubb_Mercian_2006.pdf |url= missing title (help). 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lovell, Bryan; Jane Tubb. "Hertfordshire Puddingstone". Hertfordshire Geological Society. Retrieved 9 November 2011. 
  3. ↑ Puddingstone song, Mike Excell singing the Puddingstone Song for Hertfordshire Geological Society, June 2009
  4. ↑ Hertfordshire Puddingstone East Herts Geology Club, Dr. Steve Perkins , August 2005.
  5. ↑ Grovehill Chronicle , Ruth Clinch, 2010. Accessed Oct 2011
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike; additional terms may apply for the media files.