Henrik Svensmark

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Henrik Svensmark

Henrik Svensmark
Born 1958 (age 55–56)
Nationality Danish
Fields Physicist
Institutions Danish Space Research Institute (DSRI) at
Danish National Space Center at
Technical University of Denmark
Alma mater Technical University of Denmark
Notable awards Energy-E2 Research Prize
Knud Hojgaard Anniversary Research Prize

Henrik Svensmark (born 1958) is a physicist and professor in the Division of Solar System Physics at the Danish National Space Institute (DTU Space) in Copenhagen.[1] He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.[2][3][4] He detailed his work in the book The Chilling Stars as well as the film The Cloud Mystery.

Early life and education

Henrik Svensmark obtained a Master of Science in Engineering (Cand. Polyt) in 1985 and a Ph.D. in 1987 from the Physics Laboratory I at the Technical University of Denmark.[5]

Career

Correlation between variations in cosmic ray flux (red) and change in sea temperature (black).

Henrik Svensmark is director of the Center for Sun-Climate Research at the Danish Space Research Institute (DSRI), a part of the Danish National Space Center. He previously headed the sun-climate group at DSRI. He held postdoctoral positions in physics at three other organizations: University of California, Berkeley, Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, and the Niels Bohr Institute.[6]

In 1997, Svensmark and Eigil Friis-Christensen popularised a theory that linked galactic cosmic rays and global climate change mediated primarily by variations in the intensity of the solar wind, which they have termed cosmoclimatology. This theory had earlier been reviewed by Dickinson.[7] One of the small-scale processes related to this link was studied in a laboratory experiment performed at the Danish National Space Center (paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A, February 8, 2007).

Svensmark's research downplays the significance to which atmospheric CO2 has affected recent and historical global warming, with him arguing that greenhouse gases play a considerable role in climate change but solar variations play a larger one.

Cosmoclimatology theory of climate change

Svensmark detailed his theory of cosmoclimatology in a paper published in 2007.[8] The Center for Sun-Climate Research at the Danish National Space Institute "investigates the connection between solar activity and climatic changes on Earth".[9][10] Its homepage lists several publications earlier works related to cosmoclimatology.[11][12]

Svensmark and Nigel Calder published a book The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change (2007) describing the Cosmoclimatology theory that cosmic rays "have more effect on the climate than manmade CO2":

"During the last 100 years cosmic rays became scarcer because unusually vigorous action by the Sun batted away many of them. Fewer cosmic rays meant fewer clouds—and a warmer world."[13]

A documentary film on Svensmark's theory, The Cloud Mystery, was produced by Lars Oxfeldt Mortensen[14][15] and premiered in January 2008 on Danish TV 2.

In April 2012, Svensmark published an expansion of his theory in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society[16]

In the new work he claims that the diversity of life on Earth over the last 500 million years might be explained by tectonics affecting the sea-level together with variations in the local supernova rate, and virtually nothing else. This suggests that the progress of evolution is affected by climate variation depending on the Galactic Cosmic Ray flux.

The director of DTU Space, Prof. Eigil Friis-Christensen, commented: "When this enquiry into effects of cosmic rays from supernova remnants began 16 years ago, we never imagined that it would lead us so deep into time, or into so many aspects of the Earth's history. The connection to evolution is a culmination of this work."

Experimental verification

Preliminary experimental verification has been conducted in the SKY Experiment at the Danish National Space Science Center. CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Geneva, is preparing comprehensive verification in the CLOUD Project.

SKY Experiment

Svensmark conducted proof of concept experiments in the SKY Experiment at the Danish National Space Institute.[17]

To investigate the role of cosmic rays in cloud formation low in the Earth's atmosphere, the SKY experiment used natural muons (heavy electrons) that can penetrate even to the basement of the National Space Institute in Copenhagen. The hypothesis, verified by the experiment, is that electrons released in the air by the passing muons promote the formation of molecular clusters that are building blocks for cloud condensation nuclei.

Critics of the hypothesis claimed that particle clusters produced measured just a few nanometres across, whereas aerosols typically need to have a diameter of at least 50 nm in order to serve as so-called cloud condensation nuclei. Further experiments by Svensmark and collaborators published in 2013[18] that  showed that aerosols with diameter larger than 50 nm are produced by ultraviolet light (from trace amounts of ozone, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor), large enough to serve as cloud condensation nuclei. 

CLOUD Project Experiments

Main article: CLOUD

Scientists are preparing detailed atmospheric physics experiments to test Svensmark's thesis, building on the Danish findings. CERN started a multi-phase project in 2006, including rerunning the Danish experiment. CERN plans to use an accelerator rather than rely on natural cosmic rays. CERN's multinational project will give scientists a permanent facility where they can study the effects of both cosmic rays and charged particles in the Earth's atmosphere.[19] CERN's project is named CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets).[20] CERN posted a 2009 progress report on the CLOUD project.[21]

On 25 August 2011, the first result of the experiment were published. They show that vapor traces, assumed until now to account for aerosol formation in the lower atmosphere can explain only a tiny fraction of the observed atmospheric aerosol production. The results also show that ionization from cosmic rays significantly enhances aerosol formation. [22]

Debate and controversy

Galactic Cosmic Rays vs Global Temperature

An early (2003) critique by physicist Peter Laut of Svensmark's theory reanalyzed Svensmark's data and suggested that it does not support a correlation between cosmic rays and global temperature changes; it also disputes some of the theoretical bases for the theory.[23] Svensmark replied to the paper, stating that "...nowhere in Peter Laut’s (PL) paper has he been able to explain, where physical data have been handled incorrectly, how the character of my papers are misleading, or where my work does not live up to scientific standards" [24]

Mike Lockwood of the UK's Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and Claus Froehlich of the World Radiation Center in Switzerland published a paper in 2007 which concluded that the increase in mean global temperature observed since 1985 correlates so poorly with solar variability that no type of causal mechanism may be ascribed to it, although they accept that there is "considerable evidence" for solar influence on Earth's pre-industrial climate and to some degree also for climate changes in the first half of the 20th century.[25]

Svensmark's coauthor Calder responded to the study in an interview with LondonBookReview.com, where he put forth the counterclaim that global temperature has not risen since 1999.[26]

Later in 2007, Svensmark and Friis-Christensen brought out a Reply to Lockwood and Fröhlich which concludes that surface air temperature records used by Lockwood and Fröhlich apparently are a poor guide to Sun-driven physical processes, but tropospheric air temperature records do show an impressive negative correlation between cosmic-ray flux and air temperatures up to 2006 if a warming trend, oceanic oscillations and volcanism are removed from the temperature data. They also point out that Lockwood and Fröhlich present their data by using running means of around 10 years, which creates the illusion of a continued temperature rise, whereas all unsmoothed data point to a flattening of the temperature, coincident with the present maxing out of the magnetic activity of the Sun, and which the continued rapid increase in CO2 concentrations seemingly has been unable to overrule.

Galactic Cosmic Rays vs Cloud Cover

In April 2008, Professor Terry Sloan of Lancaster University published a paper in the journal Environmental Research Letters titled "Testing the proposed causal link between cosmic rays and cloud cover",[27] which found no significant link between cloud cover and cosmic ray intensity in the last 20 years. Svensmark responded by saying "Terry Sloan has simply failed to understand how cosmic rays work on clouds".[28] Dr. Giles Harrison of Reading University, describes the work as important "as it provides an upper limit on the cosmic ray-cloud effect in global satellite cloud data". Harrison studied the effect of cosmic rays in the UK.[29] He states: "Although the statistically significant non-linear cosmic ray effect is small, it will have a considerably larger aggregate effect on longer timescale (e.g. century) climate variations when day-to-day variability averages out". Brian H. Brown (2008) of Sheffield University further found a statistically significant (p<0.05) short term 3% association between Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and low level clouds over 22 years with a 15 hour delay. Long-term changes in cloud cover (> 3 months)and GCR gave correlations of p=0.06.[30]

Debate updates

More recently, Laken et al. (2012)[31] found that new high quality satellite data show that the El Niño Southern Oscillation is responsible for most changes in cloud cover at the global and regional levels. They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.

Lockwood (2012)[32] conducted a thorough review of the scientific literature on the "solar influence" on climate. It was found that when this influence is included appropriately into climate models causal climate change claims such as those made by Svensmark are shown to have been exaggerated. Lockwood's review also highlighted the strength of evidence in favor of the solar influence on regional climates.

Sloan and Wolfendale (2013)[33] demonstrated that while temperature models showed a small correlation every 22 years, less than 14 percent of global warming since the 1950s could be attributed to cosmic ray rate. The study concluded that the cosmic ray rate did not match the changes in temperature, indicating that it was not a causal relationship.

In 2013, a study by Svensmark, Pepke and Pedersen published in Physics Letters A showed, that there is in fact a correlation between cosmic rays and the formation of aerosols and clouds. According to the study, solar activity is responsible for c. 50 percent of temperature variation.[34]

Selected publications

Books

  • Svensmark, Henrik; Calder, Nigel (2007). The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change. Totem Books. ISBN 978-1-84046-815-1. 
  • Contribution in Die kalte Sonne. Warum die Klimakatastrophe nicht stattfindet (The Cold Sun), by Fritz Vahrenholt and Sebastian Lüning (edrs)[35]

Film

Awards

  • 2001, the Energy-E2 Research Prize
  • 1997, Knud Hojgaard Anniversary Research Prize

References

  1. ↑ "Henrik Svensmark". Danish National Space Institute (DTU Space). Retrieved 2012-07-14. 
  2. ↑ Calder, Nigel (October 10, 2006). "Cosmic rays before seven, clouds by eleven". New Scientist. Retrieved 2012-07-14. 
  3. ↑ Gray, Richard (February 11, 2007). "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2012-07-14. 
  4. ↑ Svensmark, Henrik (2007). "Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges". Astronomy & Geophysics 48 (1): 1.18–1.24. Bibcode:2007A&G....48a..18S. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48118.x. Retrieved 2012-07-14. 
  5. ↑ "CV - Henrik Svensmark". 33rd International Geological Congress. 2008. Retrieved 2012-07-14. 
  6. ↑ Lawrence Solomon (2007-02-02). "The sun moves climate change". online (National Post). The Deniers, Part VI. Retrieved 2007-09-19. 
  7. ↑ Robert E. Dickinson (December 1975). "Solar variability and the lower atmosphere". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 56 (12): 1240–1248. Bibcode:1975BAMS...56.1240D. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1975)056<1240:SVATLA>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0477. 
  8. ↑ Svensmark, Henrik (2007). "Cosmoclimatology: a new theory emerges". Astronomy & Geophysics (Blackwell Publishing) 48 (1): 18–24. ISSN 1366-8781. 
  9. ↑ "A brief summary of cosmoclimatology". Danish National Space Center. February 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2008. 
  10. ↑ "Connection between Solar Activity and Climate Changes". Center for Sun-Climate Research, Danish National Space Institute. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2008. 
  11. ↑ "Scientific work and Publications". Danish National Space Center. Retrieved 25 November 2008. 
  12. ↑ Freddy Christiansen, Joanna D. Haigh, & Henrik Lundstedt (4 September 2007). "Influence of Solar Cycles on Earth's Climate". Danish National Space Center. Retrieved 25 November 2008. 
  13. ↑ Svensmark, Henrik, "The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change", Totem Books, 2007 (ISBN 1-840-46815-7)
  14. ↑ The Cloud Mystery
  15. ↑ The Documentary
  16. ↑ Svensmark, Henrik (2012). "Evidence of nearby supernovae affecting life on Earth". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (Blackwell Publishing Ltd). 422 (Early Notices). ISSN 1365-2966. 
  17. ↑ "The SKY experiment". Danish National Space Institute. Retrieved 25 November 2008. 
  18. ↑ Svensmark, Enghoff, Pedersen, Response of cloud condensation nuclei (>50 nm) to changes in ion-nucleation, Physics Letters A, Volume 377, Issue 37, 8 November 2013, Pages 2343–2347
  19. ↑ Lawrence Solomon (2007-02-02). "The sun moves climate change". National Post. The Deniers, Part VI. Retrieved 2007-09-19. 
  20. ↑ "CLOUD Project Documents". Retrieved 25 November 2008. 
  21. ↑ Kirkby, Jasper, The CLOUD Collaboration, CERN, Geneva, CERN-SPSC-2010-013 Experiments Committee, SPSC, April 7, 2010
  22. ↑ CERN 2011 Press Release n°15 CERN’s CLOUD experiment provides unprecedented insight into cloud formation.
  23. ↑ Peter Laut, "Solar activity and terrestrial climate: an analysis of some purported correlations", Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 65 (2003) 801– 812
  24. ↑ Henrik Svensmark, "Comments on Peter Laut’s paper: "Solar Activity and terrestrial climate: an analysis of some purported correlations"
  25. ↑ Mike Lockwood & Claus Fröhlich (2007). "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature". Proceedings of the Royal Society A 463 (2086): 2447. Bibcode:2007RSPSA.463.2447L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880. 
  26. ↑ http://www.londonbookreview.com/interviews/nigelcalder.html LondonBookReview.com interview with Nigel Calder
  27. ↑ Sloan, Terry; Wolfendale, A.W. (2008-04-03). "Testing the proposed causal link between cosmic rays and cloud cover". Environmental Research Letters 3 (April–June 2008). arXiv:0803.2298. Bibcode:2008ERL.....3d4001S. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/024001. Retrieved 2008-04-05. 
  28. ↑ Black, Richard (2008-04-03). "'No Sun link' to climate change". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-04-05. 
  29. ↑ Harrison, Giles; Stephenson, David. "Empirical evidence for a nonlinear effect of galactic cosmic rays on clouds". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 462 (2068). Retrieved 2008-04-05. 
  30. ↑ Brown, B.H. (2008). "Short-term changes in global cloud cover and in cosmic radiation". Journal of Atmopsheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 70 ((7)): 1122–1131. Bibcode:2008JASTP..70.1122B. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.02.003. 
  31. ↑ journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00306.1
  32. ↑ http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10712-012-9181-3?null
  33. ↑ Sloan, T.; Wolfendale, A.W. (November 7, 2013). "Cosmic rays, solar activity and the climate". Environmental Research Letters. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/045022. Retrieved November 14, 2013. 
  34. ↑ http://videnskab.dk/miljo-naturvidenskab/nye-resultater-stotter-omstridt-klimateori
  35. ↑ Fritz Vahrenholt, Sebastian Lüning: Die kalte Sonne. Warum die Klimakatastrophe nicht stattfindet. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 3-455-50250-4.

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