Henriette of Cleves

Henriette of Cleves
suo jure Duchess of Nevers suo jure Countess of Rethel suo jure Duchess of Rethel Princess of Mantua
Portrait of Henriette of Cleves painted by François Clouet on an unknown date
Spouse(s)	Louis I of Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers
Issue Catherine Gonzaga Marie Henriette Gonzaga Frederic Gonzaga Francois Gonzaga Charles I, Duke of Mantua
Noble family	Cleves-Nevers
Father	Francis I of Cleves, 1st Duke of Nevers, Count of Rethel
Mother	Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche
Born	31 October 1542 La Chapelle-d'Angillon, Cher, France
Died	24 June 1601 (aged 58) Hotel de Nevers, Paris

Henriette of Cleves, Duchess of Nevers and Duchess of Rethel (31 October 1542^[1] – 24 June 1601^[2]) was a French noblewoman and heiress of the Cleves-Nevers family. She was also known as Henriette de La Marck. She became the suo jure 4th Duchess of Nevers^[3] and the suo jure Countess of Rethel, upon the childless death of her brother James of Cleves, Duke of Nevers, Count of Rethel in 1564. She was the wife of Louis I Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, 1st Duke of Rethel, Prince of Mantua. Following her marriage she became the Duchess of Rethel and Princess of Mantua.

Henriette's portrait was painted, on an unknown date, by the renowned French Renaissance artist, François Clouet.

Family

Henriette was born in La Chapelle-d'Angillon, in the department of Cher, France, the eldest daughter and second child of Francis I of Cleves, 1st Duke of Nevers, Count of Rethel, and Marguerite of Bourbon-La Marche. The Dauphin Henry (the future King Henry II of France) acted as godfather at her baptism.

Her paternal grandparents were Charles II of Cleves, Count of Nevers and Marie of Albret, Countess of Rethel, and her maternal grandparents were Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme and Françoise of Alençon. She had three brothers, Francis II of Cleves, 2nd Duke of Nevers, Count of Rethel, James of Cleves, 3rd Duke of Nevers, Count of Rethel, and Henri of Cleves, who died young. She also had two sisters, Catherine of Cleves and Marie of Cleves.

In 1564, upon the childless death of her brother, James, Henriette became the suo jure 4th Duchess of Nevers, and Countess of Rethel. Her eldest brother Francis had died in 1562, without leaving heirs.

Henriette had been left with enormous debts from her late father and brothers, but she managed to bring the financial situation back in order and became one of the chief creditors in the kingdom.^[4]

Marriage and issue

Henriette and her husband, Louis I Gonzaga

On 4 March 1565 in Moulins, Bourbonnais at the age of twenty-two, Henriette married Louis I Gonzaga, Prince of Mantua, and her second cousin by virtue of their grandmothers having been sisters. Her husband assumed the titles of Duke of Nevers and 1st Duke of Rethel by right of his wife; Henriette thus acquired the new title of Duchess of Rethel. She also became Princess of Mantua upon her marriage.

Louis and Henriette together had five chldren:^[5]

• Catherine Gonzaga (21 January 1568 - 1 December 1629), married Henry I, Duke of Longueville, by whom she had one son, Henri II.
• Maria Henrietta Gonzaga (3 September 1571 - 3 August 1601), married Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne. Died childless.
• Frederick Gonzaga (11 March 1573 - 22 April 1574)
• Francis Gonzaga (17 September 1576 - 13 June 1580)
• Charles I, Duke of Mantua (6 May 1580- 20 September 1637), succeeded as Duke of Nevers, Rethel, Mantua and Montferrat. He married Catherine Mayenne, daughter of Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne and Henriette of Savoy, Marquise of Villars, by whom he had six children, including Charles II Gonzaga and Anna Gonzaga.

She became the mistress of Annibale Coconna, a Piedmontese adventurer who was beheaded in 1574, alongside his co-conspirator, Joseph Boniface de La Mole, for participating in a conspiracy supported by the Duke of Alençon, which involved the use of sorcery against the life of King Charles IX who was gravely ill. It was alleged that she and Queen Marguerite of Navarre secretly, in the middle of the night, removed the heads which were placed on public display, and had them embalmed and buried in consecrated ground.^[6]

Henriette died on 24 June 1601 at the Hotel de Nevers in Paris. She was buried in Nevers Cathedral. Her husband had died at Nesle in 1595 after a lifetime of loyal service on behalf of the French Crown.

Among her numerous descendants were included Eleanor Gonzaga, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, King Louis XVI of France and the latter's consort Marie Antoinette.

Depictions in art

Henriette's portrait was painted by the celebrated French miniaturist and painter François Clouet on an unknown date. He was renowned in France for his detailed portraits of the French Royal Family and nobility.

References