Heliconia

Heliconia, derived from the Greek word helikonios, is a genus of about 100 to 200 species of flowering plants native to the tropical Americas and the Pacific Ocean islands west to Indonesia. Many species of Heliconia are found in rainforests or tropical wet forests of these regions. Common names for the genus include lobster-claws, wild plantains or false bird-of-paradise. The last term refers to their close similarity to the bird-of-paradise flowers (Strelitzia). Collectively, these plants are also simply referred to as heliconias.

The Heliconia are a monophyletic genus in the family Heliconiaceae, but was formerly included in the family Musaceae, which includes the bananas (e.g., Musa, Ensete; Judd et al., 2007). However, the APG system of 1998, and its successor, the APG II system of 2003, confirms the Heliconiaceae as distinct and places them in the order Zingiberales, in the commelinid clade of monocots.

These herbaceous plants range from 0.5 to nearly 4.5 meters (1.5–15 feet) tall depending on the species (Berry and Kress, 1991). The simple leaves of these plants are 15–300 cm (6 in-10 ft). They are characteristically long, oblong, alternate, or growing opposite one another on non-woody petioles often longer than the leaf, often forming large clumps with age. Their flowers are produced on long, erect or drooping panicles, and consist of brightly colored waxy bracts, with small true flowers peeping out from the bracts. The growth habit of heliconias is similar to Canna, Strelitzia, and bananas, to which they are related.The flowers can be hues of reds, oranges, yellows, and greens, and are subtended by brightly colored bracts. The plants typically flower during the wet season. These bracts protect the flowers; floral shape often limits pollination to a subset of the hummingbirds in the region (Gilman and Meerow, 2007).

Uses and ecology

Heliconias are grown for the florist's trade and as landscape plants. These plants do not grow well in cold, dry conditions. They are very drought intolerant, but can endure some soil flooding. Heliconias need an abundance of water, sunlight, and soils that are rich in humus in order to grow well. These flowers are grown in tropical regions all over the world as ornamental plants (Ong, 2007). The flower of H. psittacorum (Parrot Heliconia) is especially distinctive, its greenish-yellow flowers with black spots and red bracts reminding of the bright plumage of parrots.

Several cultivars and hybrids have been selected for garden planting, including:

• H. psittacorum × H. spathocircinata, both species of South America, mainly Brazil
• H. × rauliniana = H. marginata (Venezuela) × H. bihai (Brazil)
• H. chartacea cv. 'Sexy Pink'

Most commonly grown landscape Heliconia species include Heliconia augusta, H. bihai, H. brasiliensis, H. caribaea, H. latispatha, H. pendula, H. psittacorum, H. rostrata, H. schiediana, and H. wagneriana.

Heliconias are an important food source for forest hummingbirds, especially the hermits (Phathornithinae), some of which – such as the Rufous-breasted Hermit (Glaucis hirsuta) – also use the plant for nesting. The Honduran White Bat (Ectophylla alba) also lives in tents it makes from heliconia leaves.

Characteristics

Leaf

Leaves in different positions on the plant have a different absorption potential of sunlight for photosynthesis when exposed to different degrees of sunlight (He et al. 2006).

Flower

Flowers produce ample nectar that attracts pollinators, most prevalent of which are hummingbirds (Bruna et al. 2004)

Seeds

Fruits are blue-purple when ripe and primarily bird dispersed (Uriarte et al. 2011). Post dispersal seed survival was studied and had many results (Hoii and Lulow 2006). The study showed that seed size was not a determinant of post dispersal seed survival. The highest amount of seed predation came from mammals.

Heliconia and bats

Pollination

Although Heliconia are almost exclusively pollinated by hummingbirds, some bat pollination has been found to occur. Heliconia solomonensis is pollinated by the macroglosine bat (Melonycteris woodfordi) in the Solomon Islands. Heliconia solomonensis has green inflorescences and flowers that open at night, which is typical of bat pollinated plants. The macroglosine bat is the only known nocturnal pollinator of Heliconia solomonensis (Kress 1985).

Habitat

Many bats use Heliconia leaves for shelter. The Honduran White Bat, Ectohylla alba, utilizes 5 different species of Heliconia to make diurnal tent shaped roosts. The bat cuts the side veins of the leaf extending from the midrib causing the leaf to fold like a tent. This structure provides the bat with shelter from rain, sun, and predators. In addition, the stems of the Heliconia leaves are not strong enough to carry the weight of typical bat predators, so shaking of the leaf alerts roosting bats to presence of predators (Timm 1976). The bats Artibeus anderseni and A. phaeotis form tents from the leaves of Heliconia in the same manner as the Hondurian white bat (Timm 1987). The Neotropical disk-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor, has suction disks on the wrists which allow it to cling to the smooth surfaces of the Heliconia leaves. This bat roosts head up in the rolled young leaves of Heliconia plants (Findley 1974).

Insects and Heliconia

Heliconias provide shelter for a diverse range of insects within their young rolled leaves and water-filled floral bracts. Insects that inhabit the rolled leaves often feed upon the inner surfaces of the leaf, such as beetles of the family Chrysomelidae. In bracts containing small amounts of water, fly larvae and beetles are the dominant inhabitants. In bracts with greater quantities of water the typical inhabitants are mosquito larva. Insects living in the bracts often feed on the bract tissue, nectar of the flower, flower parts, other insects, microorganisms, or detritus in the water contained in the bract (Siefert 1982). Almost all species of Hispinae beetles that use rolled leaves are obligate parasites of plants of the order of Zingiberales, which includes Heliconia. These beetles live in and feed from the rolled leaf, the stems, the inflorescences, or the unfurled mature leaves of the Heliconia plant. In addition, these beetles deposit their eggs on the leaf surface, petioles of immature leaves, or in the bracts of the Heliconia (Strong 1977).

Hummingbirds and Heliconia

Hummingbirds are the main pollinators of flowers in the genus Heliconia (order Zingiberales: family Heliconiaceae) in many locations. The concurrent diversification of hummingbird pollinated taxa in the order Zingiberales and the hummingbird family (Trochilidae: Phaethorninae) 18 mya supports that these radiations have significantly influenced one another through evolutionary time (Bleiweiss 1998; Kress and Specht 2005). At La Selva research station in Costa Rica it was found that specific species of Heliconia have specific hummingbird pollinators (Stiles 1975). These hummingbirds can be organized into two different groups: hermits and non-hermits. Hermits are a subfamily of Phaethornithinae, consisting of the genera Anopetia, Eutoxeres, Glaucis, Phaethornis, Raphodon, and Threnetes (McGuire et al. 2008). Non-hermits are a paraphyletic group within the Trochilidae, comprising several clades (McGuire 2008). Hermits are generally traplining foragers, where individuals visit a repeated circuit of high-reward flowers instead of holding fixed territories (Stiles 1975; Dobkin 1984). Non-hermits are territorial over their Heliconia clumps, causing greater self-pollination (Stiles 1975). Hermits tend to have long curved bills while non-hermits tend to possess short straight bills, a morphological difference that likely spurred the divergence of these groups in the Miocene era (Graham et al. 2009; Temeles et al. 2010). Characteristics of Heliconia flowers that select for either hermit or non-hermit pollinator specificity are degree of self-compatibility, flowering phenology, nectar production, color, and shape of flower (Kress and Specht 2005; Meléndez-Ackerman et al. 2005; Graham et al. 2009). The hummingbird itself will choose the plants its feeds from based on its beak shape, its perch on the plant, and its territory choice (Linhart 1973).

It was found that hummingbird visits to the Heliconia flower did not affect its production of nectar (Feinsinger 1983). This may account for the flowers not having a consistent amount of nectar produced from flower to flower.

Different Heliconia species have different flowering seasons. This suggests that the species compete for pollinators. It was found that many species of Heliconia, even the newly colonized species, all had many pollinators visit (Feinsinger 1978).

Selected species

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

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  Heliconia rostrata, in a botanical garden, Costa Rica

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  Heliconia wagneriana in Florida

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  Heliconia sp. in tropical rain forest at Sierra del Escambray, Cuba

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  Heliconia sp. in tropical rain forest at Sierra del Escambray, Cuba

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  Heliconia stricta (Dwarf Jamaican leaf). Location: Maui, Kula Ace Hardware and Nursery

See also

• National Tropical Botanical Garden, designated a conservation center by the Heliconia Society International

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heliconia.

• Heliconias of Peru (pdf file with scientific name and photos) in Spanish
• Heliconiaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. Version: 27 April 2006. http://delta-intkey.com.
• Monocot families (USDA)
• NCBI Taxonomy Browser
• links at CSDL

References

1. Berry, Fred and Kress, John. Heliconia Identification Guide. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991. Print.

2. Bleiweiss, R. 1998. Tempo and mode of hummingbird evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 65(1): 63-76.

3. Bruna, E. M., W. J. Kress, F. Marques, and O. F. da Silva. 2004. Heliconia acuminata reproductive success is independent of local floral density. Acta Amazonica 34(3): 467-471

4. Dobkin, D. S. 1984. Flowering patterns of long-lived "Heliconia" inflorescences: implications for visiting and resident nectarivores. "Oecologia" ""64""(2): 245-254.

5. Ong, Chong Ren. "Heliconia Basics." Green Culture Singapore. N.p., March 2007. Web. 6 Nov 2011. <http://greenculturesg.com/articles/mar07/mar07_heliconia.htm>.

6. Feinsinger, Peter. 1978. Ecological interactions between plants and hummingbirds in a successional tropical community. Ecological Monographs 48: 269-287.

7. Feinsinger, Peter. 1983. Variable nectar secretion in a Heliconia species pollinated by hermit hummingbirds. Biotropica 15: 48-52.

8. Findley, J.S. and Wilson, D.E. (1974). “Observations on the Neotropical disk-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor spix.” Journal of Mammology 55(3): 563-571.

9. Gilman, Edward, and Alan Meerow. "Heliconia spp. Heliconia." University of Florida IFAS Extension. N.p., 01-05-2007. Web. 25 Sept 2011. <http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fp249>.

10. Graham, C. H., J. L. Parra, C. Rahbek, and J. A. McGuire. 2009. Phylogenetic structure in tropical hummingbird communities. "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" ""106"": 19673-19678

11. He, J., C. Chee. C. Goh. ‘Photoinhibition’ of Heliconia under natural tropical conditions: the importance of leaf orientation for light interception and leaf temperature. Plant, Cell, and Environment 19: 1238-1248.

12. Hoii, Karen, Megan Lulow. 2006. Effects of species, habitat, and distance from edge on post-dispersal seed predation in a Tropical Rainforest. Biotropica 29: 459-468.

13. Judd, Walter, et all. Plant Systematics: A phylogentic approach. 3rd. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2007. 78, 230, 304, and 367.

14. Kress, W. J. (1985). "Bat Pollination of an Old World Heliconia." Biotropica 17(4): 302-308.

15. Kress, W. J. and C. D. Specht. 2005. Between Cancer and Capricorn: phylogeny, evolution and ecology of the primarily tropical Zingiberales. "Biologiske Skrifter" ""55"": 459-478.

16. Linhart, Yan. 1973. Ecological and behavioral determinants of pollen dispersal in hummingbird- pollinated Heliconia. The American Naturalist 107. 511- 523.

17. McGuire, J. A., C. C. Witt, J. V. Remsen Jr., R. Dudley, and D.L. Altshuler. 2008. A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds. "Journal of Ornithology" ""150"": 155-165.

18. Meléndez-Ackerman, E. J., P. Speranza, W. J. Kress, L. Rohena, E. Toledo, C. Cortés, D. Treece, M. Gitzendanner, P. Soltis, and D. Soltis. 2005. Microevolutionary processes inferred from AFLP and morphological variation in Heliconia bihai (Heliconiaceae). "International Journal of Plant Sciences" ""166""(5): 781-794.

19. Seifert, R.P. 1982. Neotropical Heliconia insect communities. The Quarterly Review of Biology 57: 1-28.

20. .Stiles, Gary. 1975. Ecology, flowering phenology, and hummingbird pollination of some Costa Rican "Heliconia" species. "Ecology" ""56"": 285-301.

21. Strong Jr., Donald R. "Insect Speicies Richness: Hispine Beetles of the Heliconia Latispatha." Ecology. 58. (1977): n. page. Print.

22. Temeles, E. J., J. S. Miller, and J. L. Rifkin. 2010. Evolution of sexual dimorphism in bill size and shape of hermit hummingbirds (Phaethornithinae): a role for ecological causation. "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" ""365"":1053-1063.

23. Timm, R.W. and Mortimer, J. (1976). “Selection of Roost sited by Honduran White Bats, Ectophylla Alba (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae).” Ecology 57(2):385-389.

24. Timm, R.W. and Patterson, B.D. (1987). “Tent Construction by bats of the genera Artibeus and Uroderma.” Fieldiana: Zoology 29: 188-212.

25. Uriarte, M. Anciães, M. T.B. da Silva, P. Rubim, E. Johnson, and E. M. Bruna. 2011. Disentangling the drivers of reduced long-distance seed dispersal by birds in an experimentally fragmented landscape. Ecology 92(4): 924-937.