Hedgehog (weapon)

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This is not to be confused with the animal Hedgehog.

For the area denial weapon, see Czech hedgehog.

Hedgehog
Hedgehog anti-submarine weapon, British WWII
Type	Anti-submarine Mortar
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1942–?
Used by	Royal Navy
Production history
Designer	Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development
Designed	1942
Specifications
Shell	65 lb (29 kg)
Calibre	7 in
Barrels	24
Effective firing range	200 to 259 m
Filling	30 lb TNT or 35 lb (16 kg) Torpex
Detonation mechanism	Contact

The Hedgehog (also known as an Anti-Submarine Projector) was an ahead-throwing anti-submarine weapon developed by the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom during World War II. It was deployed on convoy escort warships such as destroyers and corvettes to supplement the depth charge. The weapon fired a number of small spigot mortar bombs from spiked fittings. The bombs exploded on contact, rather than using a time or depth fuze as depth charges did. They achieved a higher sinking rate against submarines than depth charges did.^{[citation needed]}

The device was named for the way the rows of empty spigots resembled the spines of a hedgehog.

Based on the British Army's Blacker Bombard 29mm Spigot Mortar, the Hedgehog was developed by the Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development and entered service in 1942.^[1]

Hedgehog was replaced in new construction for the Royal Navy by the Squid mortar in 1943, which was in turn replaced by the three-barreled Limbo.

The United States produced a rocket version of Hedgehog called Mousetrap, then Weapon Alpha as a replacement for both. Still, Hedgehog remained in service with the United States Navy into the Cold War until both Hedgehog and the less satisfactory Weapon Alpha were replaced by ASROC.^[2]

The Hedgehog was adapted into a 7-shot launcher form for use on the back of the Matilda tank serving with Australian forces.

From 1949, a copy of Hedgehog was produced in the USSR as MBU-200, developed in 1956 into MBU-600 with increased range of 600 meters.

Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar with full load of practice bombs, c. 2002.

USS Moberly makes a Hedgehog attack against U-853 in 1945

Hedgehog bombs fired from Moberly detonate on the ocean floor

Description

The weapon was a multiple 'spigot mortar' or spigot discharger, a type of weapon developed between the wars by Lt-Col Blacker, RA. The spigot mortar was based on early infantry trench mortars. The spigot design allowed a single device to fire warheads of varying size. The propelling charge was part of the main weapon and worked against a rod (the spigot) set in the baseplate which fitted inside a tubular tail of the 'bomb'. This principle was first used on the Blacker Bombard and the later PIAT anti-tank weapon.

The adaptation of the bombard for naval use was made in partnership with MIR(c) under Major Millis Jefferis who had taken Blacker's design and brought it into use with Army. The weapon fires a salvo of 24 bombs in an arc, aimed to land in a circular or elliptical area about 100 feet (30 m) in diameter at a fixed point about 250 yards (230 m) directly ahead of the attacking ship. The mounting initially was fixed but was later replaced by a gyro-stabilised one to allow for the rolling and pitching of the attacking ship.

The system was developed to solve the problem of the target submarine disappearing from the attacking ships ASDIC when the ship came within the sonar's minimum range. Due to the speed of sound in water, the time taken for the 'ping' echo to return to the attacking ship from the target submarine became too short to allow the human operator to distinguish the returning audible echo from that of the initial sound pulse emitted by the sonar - the so-called 'Instantaneous echo', where the output sound pulse and returning echo merge. This 'blind spot' allowed the submarine to make evasive manoeuvres undetected while the ship was still out of range for depth charge attack, the submarine being effectively invisible to the sonar as the ship came within the sonar's minimum range. The solution was a weapon mounted on the foredeck that discharged the projectiles up and over that carrying ship's bow, to land in the water some distance in front of the ship while the submarine was still outside the sonar's minimum range.

The launcher had four "cradles", each with six launcher spigots. The firing sequence was staggered so all the bombs would land at about the same time. This had the added advantage of minimising the stress on the weapon's mounting, so that deck reinforcement was not needed, and the weapon could easily be retrofitted to any convenient place on a ship. Reloading took about three minutes.

USS Sarsfield (DDE-837), after firing a Hedgehog, 1950.

The Hedgehog had four key advantages over the depth charge:

An unsuccessful attack does not hide the submarine from sonar.
When a depth charge explodes it can take 15 minutes before the disturbance can settle down enough that sonar becomes effective. Many submarines escaped during the time after an unsuccessful depth charge attack. Since Hedgehog charges only explode on contact, if they miss, the submarine can still be tracked by sonar.
The depth of the target does not need to be known.
Proximity weapons (such as depth charges) need to be set for the target's correct depth to be effective. Contact fused charges don't have that limitation. In addition, any explosion indicates a 'hit'.
The weapon gives no warning of the attack.
Until depth-finding sonar became available (the first was the Royal Navy's 'Q' attachment in 1943), there was a 'dead period' during the final moments of the attack when the attacker had no knowledge of what the target was doing. U-boat commanders became adept at sharp changes of direction and speed at these moments, thus making the attack less accurate. Ahead-thrown weapons such as Hedgehog did not give the target the necessary warning of when to dodge.
A direct hit by one or two Hedgehog bombs was usually sufficient to sink a submarine.
Many depth charges were required in order to inflict enough cumulative damage to sink a submarine; even then, many U-boats survived hundreds of detonations over a period of many hours—678 depth charges were dropped against U 427 in April 1945. The depth charge, usually exploding at a distance from the submarine, had a cushion of water between it and the target which rapidly dissipated the explosive shock. The Hedgehog's contact charge, on the other hand, had the cushion on the other side, actually increasing the explosive shock. However near-misses with the Hedgehog did not cause cumulative damage as depth charges did; nor did it have the same psychological effect as a depth charge attack.

The Hedgehog became much more successful than depth-charge attacks (the best kill rate was about 25% of attacks whereas depth charges never achieved more than 7%). It initially had a very poor record, although many of the factors had nothing to do with the design of the weapon.^{[citation needed]} USS England sank six Japanese submarines in a matter of days with Hedgehog in May 1944.^[3]

General characteristics

Live and practice projectiles - note the protective fuze caps (22) shown removed in the picture at the top of page

For a single bomb

Calibre: 7 in (178 mm)
Weight: 65 lb (29 kg)
Shell Diameter : 7.2 in (183 mm)
Shell Length: 3 ft 10.5 in (1,181 mm)
Explosive charge: 30 lb (14 kg) TNT or 35 lb (16 kg) Torpex
Range: about 250 yd (230 m)
Sinking speed: 22 to 23.5 ft/s (6.7 to 7.2 m/s)
Fuse: Contact, High Explosive
Firing Order: Ripple in pairs, one every tenth of a second
Reload Time: ~3 minutes

Variants

Mark 10: elliptical pattern measuring about 140 by 120 feet (43 m × 37 m) to a range of 200 yards (180 m).
Mark 11: circular pattern measuring 200 feet (61 m) in diameter out to a range of about 188 yards (172 m).
Mark 15: pattern as for the Mark 11 but mounted on a platform adapted from that of a quadruple 40 mm Bofors gun mount. The Mark 15 could be fired remotely from the ship's plotting room.

Notes

↑ Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare (London: Phoebus, 1977), Volume 12, p.1283, "Hedgehog".
↑ Albrecht, Gerhard. Weyer's Warship of the World 1969. (Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press, 1969), pp.325-328 & 340
↑ Lanier, William D. and Williamson, John A., CAPT USN "The Twelve Days of the England" United States Naval Institute Proceedings March 1980 pp. 76-83

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hedgehog ASW mortar.

Anti-Submarine Projector Mks 10 & 11 (Hedgehog)

v t e British Commonwealth Naval weapons of the Second World War

Monitor guns	BL 15 inch

Capital ship main armament	BL 14 inch BL 15 inch BL 16 inch

Heavy cruiser main armament	BL 7.5 inch Mk VI BL 8 inch Mk VIII

Secondary armament and light cruiser main armament	QF 4 inch Mk V QF 4.5 inch QF 5.25 inch BL 6 inch Mk XII BL 6 inch Mk XXII BL 6 inch Mk XXIII

Minesweeper, Sloop, Corvette, Frigate and Destroyer armament	QF 6 pounder 10 cwt QF 12 pdr 12 cwt Mk V QF 4 inch Mk IV BL 4 inch Mk IX QF 4 inch Mk XIX QF 4.5 inch BL 4.7 inch Mk II QF 4.7 inch Mk IX & XII QF 4.7 inch Mk XI

Submarine guns	QF 12 pdr 12 cwt Mk V QF 3 inch 20 cwt QF 4 inch Mk XII & XXII

Anti-aircraft weapons	Unrotated Projectile Holman Projector 20 mm Oerlikon QF 2 pounder "pom-pom" Mk VIII 40 mm Bofors QF 3 inch 20 cwt QF 4 inch Mk V QF 4 inch Mk XVI QF 4.5 inch QF 4.7 inch Mk VIII

Light weapons	.303 Lewis machine gun .50 Vickers Mk III machine gun QF 3 pounder Vickers

Torpedoes	21 inch Mk VII 21 inch Mk VIII 21 inch Mk X 21 inch Mk XI 24.5 inch Mk I

Anti-submarine weapons	Thornycroft depth charge thrower Hedgehog Squid

Small craft armament	Molins 6 pounder Vickers K machine gun 18 inch torpedo

Foreign-sourced weapons	20 mm Oerlikon 40 mm Bofors 3-inch 23 caliber gun (US) 3-inch 50 caliber gun (US) 4-inch 50 caliber Mark 9 gun (US) 5-inch 51 caliber Mark 8 gun (US) Y gun depth charge projector (US)

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